Business English

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Unit 1 · Meetings & scheduling

25 слов

conference/ˈkɒnfərəns/nounA large meeting where people discuss one subject.
deadline/ˈdedˌlaɪn/nounThe latest time by which a task must be finished.
minutes/ˈmɪnəts/nounThe written record of what people said and decided at a meeting.
reschedule/riˈskedʒuːl/verbTo change the time or date of something already planned.
timing/ˈtaɪmɪŋ/nounThe choice of the right moment for doing something.
workshop/ˈwɜːkˌʃɒp/nounA short training session where people learn a skill by doing.
absent/ˈæbsənt/adjNot in the place where people expect you to be.
consensus/kənˈsensəs/nounAn opinion that everyone in a group agrees with.
calendar/ˈkæləndə/nounA chart that shows all the days of a year.
decision/dɪˈsɪʒən/nounA choice that you make after thinking about it.
discuss/dɪˈskʌs/verbTo talk about something with other people.
discussion/dɪˈskʌʃən/nounA talk about something with other people.
schedule/ˈʃedjuːl/nounA plan that lists the times when things will happen.
appointment/əˈpɔɪntmənt/nounAn arrangement to meet someone at a set time.
host/həʊst/nounA person who invites guests to their home or event.
update/ʌpˈdeɪt/verbTo make something newer by adding the latest facts.
agenda/əˈdʒendə/nounA list of things to be discussed at a meeting.
debate/dəˈbeɪt/nounA formal discussion in which people give opposing views.
motion/ˈməʊʃən/nounMovement, or a formal suggestion that people vote on at a meeting.
participant/pɑːˈtɪsəpənt/nounA person who takes part in an activity or event.
adhere/ədˈhɪə/verbTo follow a rule, plan or belief closely and without changing it.
chamber/ˈtʃeɪmbə/nounA large room used for a special purpose, often in a public building.
confer/kənˈfɜː/verbTo talk with other people before making a decision.
consultation/ˌkɒnsəlˈteɪʃən/nounA meeting where people ask for advice or share their opinions.
meeting/ˈmiːtɪŋ/nounA time when people come together to talk about work.

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Unit 2 · Presentations & public speaking

25 слов

presentation/ˌprezənˈteɪʃən/nounA talk in which you show information to a group.
audience/ˈɔːdiəns/nounAll the people who watch or listen to a show.
describe/dɪˈskraɪb/verbTo say in words what someone or something is like.
introduce/ˌɪntrəˈdjuːs/verbTo tell two people each other's names when they meet.
speaker/ˈspiːkə/nounA person who gives a talk to a group of people.
speech/spiːtʃ/nounA formal talk that someone gives to a group of people.
structure/ˈstrʌktʃə/nounThe way that the parts of something are put together.
conclusion/kənˈkluːʒən/nounThe opinion you reach after thinking about the facts.
highlight/ˈhaɪˌlaɪt/nounThe best or most interesting part of something.
summary/ˈsʌməri/nounA short account that gives only the main points.
confidence/ˈkɒnfədəns/nounThe belief that you can do things well.
deck/dek/nounThe flat floor of a ship where people can walk.
demonstrate/ˈdemənˌstreɪt/verbTo show clearly that something is true or works.
demonstration/ˌdemənˈstreɪʃən/nounA public march by people showing what they want.
emphasize/ˈemfəˌsaɪz/verbTo give special importance to something you say.
feedback/ˈfiːdˌbæk/nounAdvice about how well or badly you are doing something.
clarity/ˈklærəti/nounHow easy something is to see, hear or understand.
layout/ˈleɪˌaʊt/nounThe way parts of a page or screen are arranged and spaced.
notification/ˌnəʊtəfəˈkeɪʃən/nounA short message an app sends to your screen to tell you something.
accountability/əˌkaʊntəˈbɪləti/nounHaving to explain your actions and take blame when things go wrong.
accountable/əˈkaʊntəbəl/adjHaving to explain your actions and take blame if things go wrong.
buck/bʌk/nounOne American dollar, used in relaxed everyday speech.
documentation/ˌdɒkjəmenˈteɪʃən/nounWritten papers or files that prove or explain something.
illustrate/ˈɪləˌstreɪt/verbTo explain something by giving examples or pictures.
outline/ˈaʊtˌlaɪn/nounA short description that gives only the main facts.

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Unit 3 · Negotiation & bargaining

25 слов

compromise/ˈkɒmprəˌmaɪz/nounAn agreement where each side gives up part of what it wants.
negotiate/nəˈɡəʊʃiˌeɪt/verbTo talk with others in order to reach an agreement.
negotiation/nɪˌɡəʊʃiˈeɪʃən/nounFormal talks between people who want to reach an agreement.
benchmark/ˈbentʃˌmɑːk/nounA level or result used as a point for comparing other things.
concession/kənˈseʃən/nounSomething you agree to give up so an argument can end.
dispute/dɪˈspjuːt/nounA serious disagreement between people or groups.
settlement/ˈsetəlmənt/nounAn official agreement that ends an argument, or a small village.
accept/əkˈsept/verbTo say yes to something that someone offers you.
alternative/ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv/nounOne of two or more things that you can choose between.
condition/kənˈdɪʃən/nounThe state that a person or thing is in.
deal/diːl/nounAn agreement between two people or two sides.
disagree/dɪsəˈɡriː/verbTo have a different opinion from someone else.
discount/ˈdɪsˌkaʊnt/nounMoney taken off the usual price of something.
agreement/əˈɡriːmənt/nounAn arrangement that two sides both accept.
persuade/pəˈsweɪd/verbTo make someone agree to do something by giving reasons.
reject/rɪˈdʒekt/verbTo refuse to accept an offer, a plan or a person.
bargain/ˈbɑːɡən/nounA thing you buy for less than its usual price.
decline/dɪˈklaɪn/verbTo become smaller, weaker or less in number.
demand/dɪˈmɑːnd/verbTo ask for something very firmly.
concede/kənˈsiːd/verbTo admit that something is true, or to accept that you lost.
application/ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən/nounA formal written request for a job or a place.
loop/luːp/nounA block of code that repeats until some condition stops it.
renew/rɪˈnjuː/verbTo make an agreement or licence last for more time.
align/əˈlaɪn/verbPut things in a straight line, or make them agree with something.
offer/ˈɒfə/verbTo say that you are ready to give or do something.

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Unit 4 · Contracts & terms

25 слов

duty/ˈdjuːti/nounSomething you must do because it is right or part of a job.
amend/əˈmend/verbTo change a written document slightly to improve it.
breach/briːtʃ/nounAn act of failing to keep a rule or an agreement.
expire/ɪkˈspaɪə/verbTo reach the end of a period and stop being usable.
signature/ˈsɪɡnətʃə/nounYour own name written by hand to show you agree.
warranty/ˈwɔːrənti/nounA written promise to repair a product free within a set time.
amendment/əˈmendmənt/nounA small change made to a document, a rule or a law.
disclosure/dɪsˈkləʊʒə/nounTelling people facts that were kept secret before.
enforce/enˈfɔːs/verbTo make people obey a rule or a law.
execute/ˈeksəˌkjuːt/verbTo carry out a plan, an order or a task carefully and fully.
jurisdiction/ˌdʒʊrəsˈdɪkʃən/nounThe legal power to make decisions inside a certain place or field.
provision/prəˈvɪʒən/nounSupplying people with something they need, such as food or services.
notice/ˈnəʊtəs/verbTo see or hear something and become aware of it.
term/tɜːm/nounOne of the periods that a school year is divided into.
clause/klɔːz/nounA group of words with a subject and a verb.
effective/ɪˈfektɪv/adjProducing the result that you want.
contract/ˈkɒnˌtrækt/nounA written legal agreement between two sides.
exactly/ɪɡˈzæktli/advIn a way that is completely right, with no difference.
catering/ˈkeɪtərɪŋ/nounThe job of supplying food and drink for a party or an event.
terminate/ˈtɜːməˌneɪt/verbBring something to an end, especially a contract or a journey.
guarantee/ˌɡærənˈtiː/nounA firm promise that something will be done or will work.
obligation/ˌɒbləˈɡeɪʃən/nounA duty that you must do because of a law or promise.
penalty/ˈpenəlti/nounA punishment given for breaking a rule or a law.
default/dɪˈfɔːlt/nounWhat a machine or system does when nobody changes the setting.
binding/ˈbaɪndɪŋ/adjOfficially forcing you to do what an agreement or a rule says.

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Unit 5 · Accounting & bookkeeping

25 слов

account/əˈkaʊnt/nounAn arrangement that lets a bank keep your money.
credit/ˈkredət/nounA way of buying now and paying the money later.
income/ˈɪnˌkʌm/nounThe money a person receives regularly from work.
accounting/əˈkaʊntɪŋ/nounThe work of recording and checking the money a business takes in and spends.
invoice/ˈɪnvɔɪs/nounA list showing goods sent and the money that is owed.
voucher/ˈvaʊtʃə/nounA printed slip a guest gives in exchange for a meal or a room.
accountant/əˈkaʊntənt/nounA person whose job is keeping the money records of a business.
asset/ˈæˌset/nounSomething valuable that a company or person owns.
audit/ˈɔːdɪt/nounAn official check of the money records of a company.
debit/ˈdebɪt/nounMoney taken out of a bank account rather than put into it.
expenditure/ɪkˈspendətʃə/nounMoney that a company or a person spends over a period of time.
revenue/ˈrevəˌnjuː/nounMoney that a company receives from doing business.
transaction/trænˈzækʃən/nounA single act of buying, selling or moving money.
bill/bɪl/nounA paper that shows how much money you must pay.
receipt/rɪˈsiːt/nounA paper that shows you have paid for something.
record/rəˈkɔːd/verbTo keep sound or pictures so you can use them later.
balance/ˈbæləns/nounA steady state in which weight is spread evenly.
entry/ˈentri/nounThe act or the right of going into a place.
journal/ˈdʒɜːnəl/nounA magazine for people who work in a particular field.
accusation/ˌækjəˈzeɪʃən/nounA statement that someone has done something wrong or illegal.
bail/beɪl/nounMoney paid so an accused person can stay free until the trial.
boom/buːm/nounA period when business, sales or population grows very fast.
confession/kənˈfeʃən/nounA statement in which someone admits doing something wrong.
confirmation/ˌkɒnfəˈmeɪʃən/nounProof or a statement showing that something is true or will happen.
annual/ˈænjuəl/adjHappening once every year.

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Unit 6 · Financial reporting

25 слов

budget/ˈbʌdʒɪt/nounA plan that shows how you will use your money.
financial/faɪˈnænʃəl/adjConnected with money and how it is managed.
operating/ˈɒpəˌreɪtɪŋ/adjDescribing the main software that controls a computer and lets programs run.
profit/ˈprɒfət/nounThe money you gain when you sell something for more.
deficit/ˈdefəsət/nounThe amount by which money spent is more than money received.
earnings/ˈɜːnɪŋz/nounThe money a person or company gets from work or business.
gross/ɡrəʊs/adjTotal, before tax or costs are taken away.
indicator/ˈɪndəˌkeɪtə/nounA sign or number that shows how something is changing or doing.
projection/prəˈdʒekʃən/nounA guess about a future number, based on facts known today.
shareholder/ˈʃeəˌhəʊldə/nounA person who owns part of a company and gets some of its profit.
figure/ˈfɪɡjə/nounA number that shows an amount or a result.
net/net/nounMaterial full of holes, used to catch fish or in sport.
sheet/ʃiːt/nounA large thin flat piece of paper or cloth.
growth/ɡrəʊθ/nounThe process of getting bigger or developing.
loss/lɒs/nounThe fact of no longer having something you had.
performance/pəˈfɔːməns/nounThe act of playing music or acting for an audience.
finance/ˈfaɪnæns/nounMoney used to run a business or a large project.
forecast/ˈfɔːˌkɑːst/nounA statement about what is likely to happen later.
margin/ˈmɑːdʒən/nounThe empty space at the side of a page, or a small difference.
surplus/ˈsɜːpləs/nounAn amount left over after all the needs are met.
turnover/ˈtɜːˌnəʊvə/nounThe total amount of money a business takes in one year.
trend/trend/nounThe general direction in which things are changing.
ratio/ˈreɪʃiˌəʊ/nounThe relation in number or size between two groups of things.
capitalist/ˈkæpətəlɪst/adjBased on an economy where private people own firms and make profit.
compensation/ˌkɒmpənˈseɪʃən/nounMoney paid to someone because of a loss, an injury or extra work.

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Unit 7 · Banking & payments

25 слов

charge/tʃɑːdʒ/verbTo ask someone to pay a certain amount of money.
fee/fiː/nounMoney you pay for a service or to join something.
loan/ləʊn/nounMoney that you borrow and must give back later.
transfer/trænˈsfɜː/verbTo move money from one account to another.
withdraw/wɪðˈdrɔː/verbTo take money out of a bank account.
currency/ˈkʌrənsi/nounThe money that a country uses.
payment/ˈpeɪmənt/nounAn amount of money that someone pays.
refund/ˈriːfʌnd/nounMoney given back to you when you return goods.
deposit/dəˈpɒzɪt/nounMoney paid first as part of a larger sum you owe.
fraud/frɔːd/nounThe crime of cheating people in order to get money illegally.
authorize/ˈɔːθəˌraɪz/verbTo give official permission for something to be done.
withdrawal/wɪðˈdrɔːəl/nounTaking money out of a bank, or moving away from a place.
exchange/ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/verbTo give one thing and get another thing back.
branch/brɑːntʃ/nounA part of a tree that grows out from the trunk.
security/sɪˈkjʊrəti/nounThings that are done to keep a place or people safe.
mortgage/ˈmɔːɡədʒ/nounMoney you borrow from a bank to buy a house.
terminal/ˈtɜːmənəl/nounA building where planes, buses or ships start and finish journeys.
wire/ˈwaɪə/nounA thin metal thread that carries electricity or holds things.
patch/pætʃ/nounA small piece of code released to fix a bug or close a security hole.
commander/kəˈmɑːndə/nounAn officer who is in charge of a group of soldiers.
identification/aɪˌdentəfəˈkeɪʃən/nounOfficial proof of who you are, such as a passport or card.
indictment/ɪnˈdaɪtmənt/nounA formal charge in court saying that someone has broken the law.
preside/prɪˈzaɪd/verbTo be in charge of a meeting, a court or a ceremony.
ruling/ˈruːlɪŋ/nounAn official decision made by a judge or a person in charge.
remittance/riˈmɪtəns/nounMoney sent home by a person working in another country.

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Unit 8 · Investment & capital markets

25 слов

invest/ɪnˈvest/verbTo put money into something in order to make more money.
trade/treɪd/nounThe buying and selling of goods, often between countries.
analyst/ˈænəlɪst/nounA person whose job is examining information carefully.
investor/ɪnˈvestə/nounSomeone who puts money into a business or shares hoping to gain more.
premium/ˈpriːmiəm/nounAn amount paid regularly to keep an insurance policy active.
trading/ˈtreɪdɪŋ/nounThe activity of buying and selling goods, shares or currency.
acquisition/ˌækwəˈzɪʃən/nounSomething you have bought or gained, or the way you gained it.
merger/ˈmɜːdʒə/nounThe joining of two companies or groups into one bigger body.
portfolio/pɔːtˈfəʊliˌəʊ/nounA set of work samples you show, or a group of investments.
venture/ˈventʃə/nounA new business or project that could fail and lose money.
return/rɪˈtɜːn/verbTo come back to a place you were before.
stock/stɒk/nounAll the goods that a shop keeps ready to sell.
risk/rɪsk/nounThe chance that something bad may happen.
bond/bɒnd/nounA close connection between people or groups.
debt/det/nounMoney that you owe to another person or a bank.
listing/ˈlɪstɪŋ/nounA written record of names or items, often printed or shown online.
yield/jiːld/verbTo produce or give something, or to stop fighting against pressure.
sales/seɪlz/nounThe number of goods a company has managed to sell.
marketing/ˈmɑːkətɪŋ/nounThe work of showing people why they should buy something.
minibar/ˈmɪniˌbɑː/nounA small fridge in a hotel room holding drinks and snacks guests pay for.
fund/fʌnd/nounAn amount of money saved or collected for a purpose.
index/ˈɪndeks/nounAn alphabetical list at the back of a book, or a number showing change.
investment/ɪnˈvestmənt/nounMoney put into a business in order to make a profit.
speculation/ˌspekjəˈleɪʃən/nounGuessing about something at a moment when nobody knows the facts.
bid/bɪd/verbTo offer a price for something you want to buy.

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Unit 9 · Marketing & branding

25 слов

target/ˈtɑːɡət/nounA result that you are trying hard to reach.
brand/brænd/nounThe name that a company gives to its products.
catalogue/ˈkætəˌlɔːɡ/nounA book or list showing the products a company sells, usually with prices.
competitor/kəmˈpetətə/nounA person or company that competes with another.
consumer/kənˈsjuːmə/nounA person who buys goods or services for their own use.
promote/prəˈməʊt/verbTo help something grow or become more popular.
logo/ˈləʊɡəʊ/nounA small design that a company uses as its own mark.
promotion/prəˈməʊʃən/nounA move to a higher position at work.
publicity/pəˈblɪsəti/nounAttention given to a person or product by news media.
slogan/ˈsləʊɡən/nounA short phrase that is easy to remember, used in adverts.
sponsorship/ˈspɒnsəˌʃɪp/nounMoney given to a team or event in return for advertising.
conversion/kənˈvɜːʒən/nounA change from one form, system or use into another one.
segment/ˈseɡmənt/nounOne of the parts that something is divided into.
advertisement/ədˈvɜːtɪsmənt/nounA notice that tells people about something for sale.
advertising/ˈædvəˌtaɪzɪŋ/nounThe business of making notices that help sell things.
channel/ˈtʃænəl/nounOne television station that you can choose to watch.
customer/ˈkʌstəmə/nounA person who buys things from a shop.
digital/ˈdɪdʒətəl/adjUsing numbers inside a machine to keep information.
campaign/kæmˈpeɪn/nounA planned set of actions to reach a social or political goal.
awareness/əˈweənəs/nounKnowing that something exists or that it matters.
engagement/enˈɡeɪdʒmənt/nounAn agreement to marry, or an arranged meeting for work.
loyalty/ˈlɔɪəlti/nounStaying firm in support of a person, group or country.
aspiration/ˌæspəˈreɪʃən/nounA strong wish to reach something important in your life or job.
collaborate/kəˈlæbəˌreɪt/verbWork together with other people on a job or piece of research.
media/ˈmiːdiə/nounNewspapers, television and the internet taken together.

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Unit 10 · Sales & leads

25 слов

buyer/ˈbaɪə/nounA person or company that pays money for goods.
client/ˈklaɪənt/nounA person who pays a company for a service.
incentive/ɪnˈsentɪv/nounSomething that encourages a person to work harder or to do something.
pipeline/ˈpaɪˌplaɪn/nounA chain of automatic steps that builds, tests and ships code.
quota/ˈkwəʊtə/nounA fixed amount that must be reached or not gone over.
retail/ˈriːˌteɪl/nounThe business of selling goods in small amounts directly to shoppers.
subscription/səbˈskrɪpʃən/nounA paid plan that gives you access to a service for a set period.
bulk/bʌlk/nounThe largest part of something, or a very big size or amount.
objection/əbˈdʒekʃən/nounA reason you give for not agreeing with a plan or idea.
lead/liːd/verbTo go in front of others to show them the way.
quotation/kwəʊˈteɪʃən/nounA group of words taken from a book or a speech.
quote/kwəʊt/verbTo repeat the exact words that someone said or wrote.
seller/ˈselə/nounA person or company that offers goods for money.
commission/kəˈmɪʃən/nounA group of people given the job of studying something.
logout/ˈlɒɡaʊt/nounThe moment a user leaves an account and the session ends.
goods/ɡʊdz/nounThings that are made in order to be sold.
compliance/kəmˈplaɪəns/nounDoing what a rule, a law or an order says you must do.
franchise/ˈfrænˌtʃaɪz/nounThe right to sell a company's goods or services in one area.
prospective/prəˈspektɪv/adjLikely to become something in the future, such as a buyer.
pitch/pɪtʃ/nounAn area of ground marked out for playing a sport.
prospect/ˈprɒspekt/nounThe possibility that something will happen.
purchase/ˈpɜːtʃəs/nounA thing that you buy, or the act of buying it.
territory/ˈterɪˌtɔːri/nounAn area of land that a country, an animal or a group controls.
volume/ˈvɒljuːm/nounThe amount of sound that a radio or a person makes.
qualify/ˈkwɒlɪfaɪ/verbTo pass the exams you need in order to do a job.

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Unit 11 · Customer service

25 слов

service/ˈsɜːvəs/nounThe help that a business gives to its customers.
helpdesk/ˈhelpˌdesk/nounThe team or phone line staff call when their computer stops working.
assistance/əˈsɪstəns/nounHelp that is given to a person who needs it.
escalate/ˈeskəˌleɪt/verbTo pass a problem to a higher level of support.
satisfaction/ˌsætəˈsfækʃən/nounThe good feeling you get when you have what you wanted.
replacement/rɪˈpleɪsmənt/nounA new person or thing that takes the place of an older one.
case/keɪs/nounA particular situation, or an example of something.
complain/kəmˈpleɪn/verbTo say that you are not happy about something.
queue/kjuː/nounA line of people waiting for their turn.
response/rɪˈspɒns/nounAn answer or a reaction to something that happened.
review/rɪˈvjuː/nounA report that gives an opinion about a book or film.
agent/ˈeɪdʒənt/nounA person whose job is to act or arrange things for others.
apologise/əˈpɒləˌdʒaɪz/verbTo say that you are sorry for something you did.
complaint/kəmˈpleɪnt/nounA statement saying that you are not satisfied.
issue/ˈɪʃuː/nounAn important subject that people discuss or argue about.
policy/ˈpɒləsi/nounA plan of action agreed by a government or company.
apology/əˈpɒlədʒi/nounWords you say to show that you are sorry.
enquiry/ɪnˈkwaɪri/nounA request for information about something.
inquiry/ɪnˈkwaɪri/nounAn official process of finding out the truth about an event.
courtesy/ˈkɜːtəsi/nounPolite behaviour that shows respect for other people.
reliability/riˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/nounHow much you can trust something to work well every time.
backing/ˈbækɪŋ/nounHelp, money or public support given to a person or plan.
disruption/dɪsˈrʌpʃən/nounWhen something stops an activity or a service from going on normally.
privatization/ˌpraɪvətəˈzeɪʃən/nounSelling a public service or company to business owners.
support/səˈpɔːt/nounHelp or encouragement that you give to someone.

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Unit 12 · HR & recruitment

25 слов

employee/ɪmˈplɔɪiː/nounA person who is paid to work for a company or person.
employer/emˈplɔɪə/nounA person or company that pays people to work for them.
candidate/ˈkændədeɪt/nounA person who is trying to get a job or to be elected.
resume/rɪˈzjuːm/verbTo start again after a pause or a short break.
staff/stɑːf/nounAll the people who work in one place of business.
applicant/ˈæplɪkənt/nounA person who formally asks to be given a job or place.
personnel/ˌpɜːsəˈnel/nounAll the people who work for a company or an army.
recruit/rəˈkruːt/verbTo find new people to work for a company or join a group.
recruitment/rəˈkruːtmənt/nounFinding and hiring new people for a company or an army.
workforce/ˈwɜːkˌfɔːs/nounAll the people employed by a company or living in a country.
contractor/kənˈtræktə/nounA person or firm paid to do a job for another company.
dismissal/dɪˈsmɪsəl/nounWhen a worker is told to leave a job, or an idea is refused.
orientation/ˌɔːrienˈteɪʃən/nounTraining and information that help new people settle into a place.
resignation/ˌrezəɡˈneɪʃən/nounA formal statement that you are leaving your job.
interview/ˈɪntəˌvjuː/nounA meeting where one person asks another questions.
hire/ˈhaɪə/verbTo pay to use something for a short time.
reference/ˈrefərəns/nounA mention of something in speech or in writing.
talent/ˈtælənt/nounA natural ability to do something very well.
assessment/əˈsesmənt/nounA judgement about how good or large something is.
slot/slɒt/nounA narrow opening for putting things in, or a time set aside in a plan.
vacancy/ˈveɪkənsi/nounA job that is empty and waiting to be filled.
diversity/dɪˈvɜːsɪti/nounMany different types of people or things existing in one group.
opening/ˈəʊpənɪŋ/nounA space or hole that people or things can pass through.
screening/ˈskriːnɪŋ/nounMedical testing of many healthy people to catch a disease early.
housekeeping/ˈhaʊˌskiːpɪŋ/nounThe hotel staff who clean rooms, change linen and put supplies back.

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Unit 13 · Payroll & benefits

25 слов

tax/tæks/nounMoney that people must pay to the government.
attendance/əˈtendəns/nounHow many people come to a meeting, a class or an event.
bonus/ˈbəʊnəs/nounExtra money paid to a worker on top of the normal wage.
overtime/ˈəʊvəˌtaɪm/nounExtra hours worked beyond the normal day.
shift/ʃɪft/nounA period of time that a group of workers works.
allowance/əˈlaʊəns/nounMoney given regularly to someone for a certain purpose.
benefit/ˈbenəfɪt/nounA good effect that something has on a person or place.
raise/reɪz/verbTo lift something to a higher position.
salary/ˈsæləri/nounThe money a person gets every month for a job.
slip/slɪp/verbTo slide by accident and almost fall down.
package/ˈpækədʒ/nounA thing wrapped in paper and sent by post.
contribution/ˌkɒntrəˈbjuːʃən/nounSomething you give to help a person or a cause.
healthcare/ˈhelθˌkeə/nounMedical services that keep people well and treat their illnesses.
insurance/ɪnˈʃʊrəns/nounAn agreement in which you pay a company to protect you.
pension/ˈpenʃən/nounMoney paid regularly to a person who has stopped working.
scheme/skiːm/nounAn official plan for doing or organizing something.
wage/weɪdʒ/nounMoney that is paid every week for work done.
owe/əʊ/verbTo have to pay money back to someone.
supervisor/ˈsuːpəˌvaɪzə/nounThe person in charge of a team who checks their work each shift.
incur/ɪnˈkɜː/verbTo end up having to pay a cost or suffer something bad.
pay/peɪ/verbTo give money for something you buy.
welfare/ˈwelˌfeə/nounThe health and comfort of people, or money the state gives them.
affordable/əˈfɔːdəbəl/adjCheap enough that most people are able to pay.
depart/dɪˈpɑːt/verbTo leave a place, said of a plane, train or bus.
exclude/ɪksˈkluːd/verbTo keep a person or thing out, or leave it off a list.

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Unit 14 · Training & development

25 слов

training/ˈtreɪnɪŋ/nounThe process of learning the skills for a job or a sport.
certificate/səˈtɪfɪkət/nounAn official paper that proves a fact about you.
module/ˈmɒdjuːl/nounA separate part of a larger system or course that works on its own.
mentor/ˈmenˌtɔː/nounAn older, more experienced person who advises and helps someone at work.
coach/kəʊtʃ/nounA person who teaches a team how to play better.
course/kɔːs/nounA set of lessons about one area of study.
develop/dɪˈveləp/verbTo grow, or to make something bigger and better over time.
instructor/ɪnˈstrʌktə/nounA person who teaches a practical skill such as driving.
knowledge/ˈnɒlədʒ/nounThe information and understanding that a person has.
development/dɪˈveləpmənt/nounThe process of growing or changing into something better.
improvement/ɪmˈpruːvmənt/nounA change that makes something better than before.
practical/ˈpræktəkəl/adjConnected with real situations rather than with ideas.
qualification/ˌkwɒləfəˈkeɪʃən/nounAn exam pass or course that shows your level of skill.
theory/ˈθɪri/nounA set of ideas that tries to explain why something happens.
curriculum/kəˈrɪkjələm/nounAll the subjects that are taught in a school or college.
evaluation/ɪˌvæljuːˈeɪʃən/nounA careful look at how good or useful something is.
session/ˈseʃən/nounA period of time spent doing one particular activity.
simulation/ˌsɪmjəˈleɪʃən/nounA copy of a real situation, made so people can train or study.
boarding/ˈbɔːdɪŋ/nounGetting onto a plane, a ship or a train before it leaves.
dataset/ˈdeɪtəˌset/nounA collection of related records gathered so a team can study or train on it.
capability/ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti/nounThe power or skill that is needed to do a certain thing.
competence/ˈkɒmpətɪns/nounThe skill and ability needed to do a job well.
competent/ˈkɒmpətɪnt/adjHaving enough skill and knowledge to do a job well.
mining/ˈmaɪnɪŋ/nounThe industry of digging coal, gold or other materials out of the ground.
learning/ˈlɜːnɪŋ/nounThe process of getting new knowledge or skills.

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Unit 15 · Supply chain & procurement

25 слов

inspection/ɪnˈspekʃən/nounA careful official check of a place, machine or product.
supplier/səˈplaɪə/nounA company that provides goods or services to another.
supply/səˈplaɪ/nounAn amount of something that is available to use.
warehouse/ˈweəˌhaʊs/nounA large building where goods are kept before being sold.
inventory/ˈɪnvəntəri/nounAll the goods that a shop or company has in store.
shortage/ˈʃɔːtədʒ/nounA situation in which there is not enough of something people need.
terms/tɜːmz/nounThe conditions that both sides accept in an agreement or contract.
vendor/ˈvendə/nounA company or person that sells goods to another business.
allocation/ˌæləˈkeɪʃən/nounThe share of money, time or space given to a person or job.
material/məˈtɪriəl/nounWhat something is made from, such as wood or cloth.
source/sɔːs/nounThe place or person that something comes from.
tender/ˈtendə/adjKind, gentle and showing care for other people.
approval/əˈpruːvəl/nounOfficial agreement that something is good or allowed.
capacity/kəˈpæsəti/nounThe amount that something can hold or produce.
component/kəmˈpəʊnənt/nounOne of several parts that make up a machine or system.
delivery/dɪˈlɪvəri/nounThe act of taking goods or letters to a place.
procurement/prəʊˈkjʊəmənt/nounThe work of buying goods and services that a business needs.
purchasing/ˈpɜːtʃəsɪŋ/nounThe part of a business that pays for supplies and services.
sourcing/ˈsɔːsɪŋ/nounFinding and choosing companies that can supply goods at the right price.
batch/bætʃ/nounA group of items made or dealt with at the same time.
subcontractor/ˌsʌbkənˈtræktə/nounA firm hired by the main company to do part of a job.
rebate/ˈriːˌbeɪt/nounMoney given back to a buyer after too much has been paid.
bidding/ˈbɪdɪŋ/nounOffering a price in order to win a contract or buy something.
reorder/riˈɔːdə/verbTo ask a supplier to send more of something you bought before.
replenish/riˈplenɪʃ/verbTo fill something up again after part of it has been used.

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Unit 16 · Logistics & shipping

25 слов

export/ˈekspɔːt/nounGoods that a country sells to another country.
handling/ˈhændlɪŋ/nounThe work of moving, packing and looking after goods.
import/ˈɪmpɔːt/nounGoods that are brought in from another country.
shipping/ˈʃɪpɪŋ/nounGetting goods from a seller to a customer, usually by post or truck.
storage/ˈstɔːrədʒ/nounThe space a computer or server has for keeping files and data.
unload/ənˈləʊd/verbTo take goods off a truck, ship or plane.
cargo/ˈkɑːˌɡəʊ/nounGoods that a ship or plane carries from place to place.
carrier/ˈkæriə/nounA company that moves goods or passengers from one place to another.
courier/ˈkʊriə/nounA person or company that takes packages to people quickly.
freight/freɪt/nounGoods that are carried by ship, train or plane.
fleet/fliːt/nounA group of ships, planes or cars owned by one group.
deliver/dɪˈlɪvə/verbTo take goods or letters to the person who wants them.
route/ruːt/nounThe way that you follow to get from one place to another.
truck/trʌk/nounA large road vehicle that carries goods.
load/ləʊd/nounA large amount of something that is carried.
manifest/ˈmænəˌfest/verbTo show a feeling, illness or quality clearly through signs or actions.
transit/ˈtrænzɪt/nounThe moving of people or goods from one place to another.
vessel/ˈvesəl/nounA ship or large boat, or a narrow tube that carries blood.
hazard/ˈhæzəd/nounSomething that could hurt people or cause serious damage.
barrel/ˈbærəl/nounA large round container with flat ends, used for oil or beer.
burden/ˈbɜːdən/nounA heavy duty or worry that is hard for someone to carry.
container/kənˈteɪnə/nounA box, bottle or similar object that holds things.
customs/ˈkʌstəmz/nounThe place at a border where officers look inside your bags.
damage/ˈdæmədʒ/nounHarm that makes something less good or useful.
tracking/ˈtrækɪŋ/nounFollowing where a parcel is, or how well a plan is going.

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Unit 17 · Manufacturing & quality

25 слов

factory/ˈfæktəri/nounA building where goods are made in large numbers.
assembly/əˈsembli/nounPutting the parts of a product together, or a large meeting of people.
inspect/ɪnˈspekt/verbTo look at something closely to check its quality or safety.
production/prəˈdʌkʃən/nounThe process of making goods in large amounts.
standard/ˈstændəd/nounThe level of quality that people expect.
defect/ˈdiːfekt/nounA fault that makes a product fail to work or look right.
downtime/ˈdaʊnˌtaɪm/nounA period when a system or service is not available to users.
efficiency/ɪˈfɪʃənsi/nounDoing a job well without wasting time, money or energy.
maintenance/ˈmeɪntənəns/nounRegular work done to keep machines or buildings in good condition.
manufacture/ˌmænjəˈfæktʃə/verbTo produce goods in large numbers using machines in a factory.
manufacturing/ˌmænjəˈfæktʃərɪŋ/nounThe business of producing goods in factories with machines.
productivity/ˌprəʊdəkˈtɪvəti/nounHow much work or how many goods are made in a set time.
specification/ˌspesɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/nounA detailed description of how a thing must be built or made.
equipment/ɪˈkwɪpmənt/nounThe things that you need for a particular activity.
produce/prəˈdjuːs/verbTo make or grow something, often in large amounts.
quality/ˈkwɒləti/nounHow good or bad something is.
unit/ˈjuːnət/nounA single thing that is one part of a larger whole.
waste/weɪst/verbTo use more of something than you need to.
machinery/məˈʃiːnəri/nounThe moving parts inside large equipment used in factories or farms.
tolerance/ˈtɒlərəns/nounBeing willing to accept people or ideas that you do not like.
drawer/drɔː/nounA box-shaped part of a desk or unit that slides in and out.
modem/ˈməʊdəm/nounA box that links a home or office line to the internet.
alignment/əˈlaɪnmənt/nounWhen things sit in a straight line, or when groups agree and work together.
attribute/ˈætrəˌbjuːt/nounA good quality or feature that a person or thing has.
operator/ˈɒpəˌreɪtə/nounA person whose job is to control a machine, or to connect telephone calls.

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Unit 18 · Legal & compliance

25 слов

property/ˈprɒpəti/nounA thing or things that someone owns, especially land.
comply/kəmˈplaɪ/verbTo do what a rule, an order or a law tells you to do.
attorney/əˈtɜːni/nounA lawyer, especially one who speaks for other people in court.
consent/kənˈsent/nounPermission that you give so that something can happen.
copyright/ˈkɒpiˌraɪt/nounThe legal right to be the only one who can use a creative work.
lawsuit/ˈlɔːsuːt/nounA claim brought to a court by one person or company against another.
regulator/ˈreɡjəˌleɪtə/nounAn official body that controls an industry and checks that rules are kept.
solicitor/səˈlɪsətə/nounA lawyer in Britain who gives advice and prepares legal papers.
evidence/ˈevədəns/nounFacts that show that something is true.
law/lɔː/nounA rule that a country makes and everybody must follow.
lawyer/ˈlɔːjə/nounA person whose job is to advise people about the law.
licence/ˈlaɪsəns/nounAn official paper that lets you drive or do something.
claim/kleɪm/verbTo say that something is true without proving it.
court/kɔːt/nounThe place where a judge decides legal cases.
legal/ˈliːɡəl/adjConnected with the law, or allowed by the law.
appeal/əˈpiːl/nounA formal request for help or for a decision to change.
intellectual/ˌɪntəˈlektʃuːəl/adjConnected with thinking hard and understanding difficult ideas.
permit/pəˈmɪt/verbTo allow someone to do something in an official way.
privacy/ˈprɪvəsi/nounThe state of being alone and not watched by others.
regulation/ˌreɡjəˈleɪʃən/nounAn official rule made by a government or an organization.
landlord/ˈlændˌlɔːd/nounA person who owns a property and lets other people live or work there.
tenant/ˈtenənt/nounA person who pays to live or work in someone else's property.
testimony/ˈtestɪməni/nounA formal spoken statement that a person gives in a court.
trademark/ˈtreɪdˌmɑːk/nounA name or sign that only one company may legally use.
tribunal/traɪˈbjuːnl/nounA special court that decides certain kinds of cases.

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Unit 19 · Strategy & competition

25 слов

opportunity/ˌɒpəˈtjuːnəti/nounA chance to do something that you want to do.
competitive/kəmˈpetətɪv/adjInvolving people who try hard to be better than others.
expand/ɪkˈspænd/verbTo become larger in size, number or amount.
expansion/ɪkˈspænʃən/nounThe process of becoming larger or covering more space.
partnership/ˈpɑːtnəˌʃɪp/nounA business or close relationship in which two sides work together as equals.
rival/ˈraɪvəl/nounA person, team or firm trying to beat another at the same thing.
consolidate/kənˈsɒlɪˌdeɪt/verbTo join separate things into one stronger whole, or make something firm.
strategic/strəˈtiːdʒɪk/adjPlanned with care so that an important long aim is reached.
advantage/ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/nounSomething that helps you do better than other people.
competition/ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃən/nounAn event in which people try to win by being the best.
goal/ɡəʊl/nounAn aim that you work towards and want to reach.
strategy/ˈstrætədʒi/nounA plan that you use to reach a goal over time.
ambition/æmˈbɪʃən/nounSomething that you want very much to do or become.
analysis/əˈnæləsɪs/nounThe careful study of something in detail.
planning/ˈplænɪŋ/nounThe act of deciding in advance what to do.
strength/streŋθ/nounThe quality of being physically strong.
initiative/ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/nounA new plan for dealing with a problem.
innovation/ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/nounA new idea or method that changes the way things are done.
joint/dʒɔɪnt/nounA place where two bones or two parts meet and can move.
alliance/əˈlaɪəns/nounAn agreement between countries or groups to help each other and work together.
differentiate/ˌdɪfəˈrenʃiˌeɪt/verbSee or show how two things are not the same.
disrupt/dɪsˈrʌpt/verbTo stop something from going on in the normal way.
accordance/əˈkɔːdəns/nounA way of saying that something follows a rule, a law or a plan.
weakness/ˈwiːknəs/nounA quality that makes someone less good at something.
leadership/ˈliːdəˌʃɪp/nounThe state of being in charge of a group or country.

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Unit 20 · Project management

25 слов

task/tɑːsk/nounA piece of work that someone must do.
management/ˈmænədʒmənt/nounThe act of running a business, a team or a project.
sprint/sprɪnt/nounA short fixed period, often two weeks, in which a team finishes agreed work.
assign/əˈsaɪn/verbTo give a job or a task to a particular person.
milestone/ˈmaɪlˌstəʊn/nounAn important point in a plan that shows real progress has been made.
scope/skəʊp/nounThe list of work a project will cover, and what it leaves out.
closure/ˈkləʊʒə/nounWhen a place or road shuts permanently, or a calm feeling after a hard time…
coordinate/kəʊˈɔːdɪneɪt/verbOrganize people or things so that they work well together.
manager/ˈmænədʒə/nounA person who leads a team of people at work.
progress/ˈprɒˌɡres/nounMovement towards a better or more complete state.
resource/rɪˈzɔːs/nounA supply of something that a country or place can use.
critical/ˈkrɪtɪkəl/adjExtremely important because other things depend on it.
charter/ˈtʃɑːtə/nounAn official written statement of the aims and rights of a group.
collaboration/kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃən/nounThe work that two or more people do together on the same project.
duration/ˌdʊˈreɪʃən/nounThe length of time that something continues.
estimate/ˈestəmət/nounA judgement of a size, an amount or a cost.
phase/feɪz/nounA stage in a process of change or development.
deliverable/dɪˈlɪvərəbəl/nounA finished piece of work you must hand to a client by a date.
timeline/ˈtaɪmlaɪn/nounA plan showing when each part of a job should happen.
dependency/dɪˈpendənsi/nounA task that cannot start until some other task is finished.
blocker/ˈblɒkə/nounA problem that stops a piece of work from moving forward.
kickoff/ˈkɪˌkɔːf/nounThe first meeting where a new project officially starts.
retrospective/ˌretrəˈspektɪv/nounA meeting where a team reviews how the last stage of work went.
handover/ˈhændəʊvə/nounGiving a job or duty to the person who will continue it.
workload/ˈwɜːˌkləʊd/nounHow much a person or team has to get done in a period.

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Unit 21 · Operations & process

25 слов

template/ˈtemplət/nounA ready-made pattern that you fill in instead of starting from nothing.
guideline/ˈɡaɪdˌlaɪn/nounA rule or piece of advice that tells people how to do something.
protocol/ˈprəʊtəˌkɒl/nounAn agreed set of rules that lets two systems exchange data correctly.
rota/ˈrəʊtə/nounA list showing which staff member works on which day.
coordination/kəʊˌɔːdəˈneɪʃən/nounThe way different parts or people are organized so they work well together.
delegate/ˈdelɪɡət/nounA person chosen to speak and vote for a group at a meeting.
implementation/ˌɪmpləmenˈteɪʃən/nounPutting a plan, a law or a system into real use.
supervise/ˈsuːpəˌvaɪz/verbTo watch people while they work and check they do it right.
control/kənˈtrəʊl/verbTo make a person, animal or machine do what you want.
cycle/ˈsaɪkəl/verbTo travel by riding a bicycle.
process/ˈprəʊses/nounA series of steps that lead to a result.
incident/ˈɪnsədənt/nounAn event, especially an unusual or unpleasant one.
monitor/ˈmɒnətə/verbTo watch and check something over a period of time.
operate/ˈɒpəreɪt/verbTo make a machine or system work.
threshold/ˈθreˌʃəʊld/nounThe level at which something starts to happen or take effect.
decision-making/dɪˈsɪʒənˌmeɪkɪŋ/nounThe process of choosing what to do, often inside a group.
procedure/prəˈsiːdʒə/nounThe official or accepted way of doing something.
making/ˈmeɪkɪŋ/nounThe process of producing or creating something.
occupation/ˌɒkjəˈpeɪʃən/nounYour job, or control of a country by a foreign army.
parameter/pəˈræmətə/nounA value you pass into a function or setting to control how it runs.
regulate/ˈreɡjəˌleɪt/verbTo control something with rules, or keep it at the right level.
facilitate/fəˈsɪləˌteɪt/verbTo make a process easier or help it happen more smoothly.
initiate/ɪˈnɪʃiˌeɪt/verbTo make something start, especially a plan or a long process.
monopoly/məˈnɒpəli/nounFull control of a market by one company, with no rivals.
backlog/ˈbæˌklɒɡ/nounWork that has piled up and still waits to be finished.

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Unit 22 · Risk & insurance

25 слов

risky/ˈrɪski/adjLikely to end badly, because something could go wrong.
cover/ˈkʌvə/verbTo put something over a thing to hide or keep it safe.
disaster/dɪˈzɑːstə/nounA very bad event that causes a lot of harm.
prevent/prɪˈvent/verbTo stop something from happening.
impact/ˈɪmpækt/nounThe strong effect that one thing has on another.
safety/ˈseɪfti/nounThe state of being free from danger or harm.
coverage/ˈkʌvərədʒ/nounThe reporting of an event by newspapers or television.
crisis/ˈkraɪsəs/nounA time of great danger or difficulty.
exposure/ɪkˈspəʊʒə/nounBeing open to something harmful, or being seen by the public.
excess/ˈekˌses/nounMore of something than a person needs or is allowed.
likelihood/ˈlaɪkliˌhʊd/nounThe chance that something will really happen.
prevention/priˈvenʃən/nounAction taken so that something bad does not happen.
vulnerability/ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪlɪti/nounA weak point that makes harm or attack much more likely.
folder/ˈfəʊldə/nounA cover of stiff card, or a place on a computer, for keeping papers.
binder/ˈbaɪndə/nounA stiff cover with rings that holds loose sheets of paper.
liability/ˌlaɪəˈbɪlɪti/nounLegal responsibility to pay for damage, loss or debt.
insurer/ɪnˈʃʊrə/nounA company that takes your money and pays if you suffer loss.
mitigate/ˈmɪtəˌɡeɪt/verbTo make something bad less serious or less harmful.
mitigation/ˌmɪtɪˈɡeɪʃən/nounAction taken so that a danger or loss becomes less serious.
contingency/kənˈtɪndʒənsi/nounA backup plan or extra money kept in case things go wrong.
deductible/dɪˈdʌktəbəl/nounThe first part of a loss you must pay before cover begins.
reimburse/ˌriːɪmˈbɜːs/verbTo pay someone back for money they spent for you.
severity/sɪˈverɪti/nounHow bad or serious a problem, injury or fault is.
safeguard/ˈseɪfˌɡɑːd/nounA rule or device put in place to protect people or money.
resilience/rɪˈzɪliəns/nounThe ability to recover quickly after a shock or a hard time.

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Unit 23 · International trade

25 слов

destination/ˌdestəˈneɪʃən/nounThe place that someone is travelling to.
global/ˈɡləʊbəl/adjCovering or affecting the whole world.
barrier/ˈbæriə/nounA thing that stops people from moving forward.
domestic/dəˈmestɪk/adjConnected with the home and the family.
origin/ˈɒrɪdʒɪn/nounThe point or place where something begins.
declaration/ˌdekləˈreɪʃən/nounAn official public statement about something important.
sanction/ˈsæŋkʃən/nounA punishment used against a country that breaks international rules.
treaty/ˈtriːti/nounA formal written agreement between two or more countries.
overseas/ˌəʊvəˈsiːz/advIn or to a foreign country, usually one you reach across the water.
regional/ˈriːdʒənəl/adjConnected with one particular part of a country.
economist/ɪˈkɒnəmɪst/nounA person who studies money, trade and industry as a job.
recession/rɪˈseʃən/nounA period when trade and jobs in a country get much worse.
shipment/ˈʃɪpmənt/nounA load of goods being sent from one place to another.
tariff/ˈtærɪf/nounA tax a government charges on goods brought from abroad.
logistics/ləˈdʒɪstɪks/nounThe work of moving, storing and delivering goods on time.
distributor/dɪˈstrɪbjətə/nounA company that buys goods and sells them on to shops.
subsidiary/səbˈsɪdiəri/nounA company that a larger one owns and controls.
broker/ˈbrəʊkə/nounA person paid to arrange a deal between a buyer and seller.
importer/ɪmˈpɔːtə/nounA company that brings goods into a country to sell them.
exporter/ɪkˈspɔːtə/nounA company that sells and sends goods to other countries.
embargo/emˈbɑːɡəʊ/nounAn official order stopping trade with a country.
bilateral/baɪˈlætərəl/adjInvolving two countries or two groups acting together.
multilateral/ˌmʌltɪˈlætərəl/adjInvolving many countries or groups all at the same time.
incoterms/ˈɪnkəʊtɜːmz/nounStandard trade rules saying who pays costs and who carries risk.
protectionism/prəˈtekʃəˌnɪzəm/nounA policy of shielding home industry from foreign competition.

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Unit 24 · Startups & growth

25 слов

entrepreneur/ˌɑːntrəprəˈnɜː/nounSomeone who starts a business and takes the risk of losing money.
founder/ˈfaʊndə/nounThe person who started a company or an organization.
stake/steɪk/nounA share in a business, or something valuable you risk losing.
burn/bɜːn/verbTo be on fire, or to destroy something with fire.
product/ˈprɒdʌkt/nounA thing that a company makes so people can buy it.
exit/ˈeɡzɪt/nounThe way out of a building or a vehicle.
seed/siːd/nounThe small hard part of a plant that grows into a new plant.
angel/ˈeɪndʒəl/nounIn some religions, a being from heaven who brings help or messages.
round/raʊnd/adjShaped like a circle or like a ball.
funding/ˈfʌndɪŋ/nounMoney given by a government or group to support an activity.
startup/ˈstɑːˌtʌp/nounA young company built to grow very fast, often in technology.
cofounder/ˌkəʊˈfaʊndə/nounOne of two or more people who set up a company together.
entrepreneurship/ˌɑːntrəprəˈnɜːʃɪp/nounSetting up and running your own business, with all its risk.
valuation/væljuːˈeɪʃən/nounHow much money a business is judged to be worth.
prototype/ˈprəʊtəˌtaɪp/nounAn early rough version of a product made to test an idea.
traction/ˈtrækʃən/nounReal early signs that customers want and use your product.
scaling/ˈskeɪlɪŋ/nounGrowing a business quickly without costs rising just as quickly.
runway/ˈrʌnˌweɪ/nounHow many months a company can keep going on the cash it holds.
breakeven/ˈbreɪˌkiːvən/nounThe point where income and costs are exactly equal.
profitability/ˌprɒfɪtəˈbɪlɪti/nounHow much money a business can make after all costs.
pivot/ˈpɪvət/verbTo change a business or product to a very different plan.
iterate/ˈɪtəreɪt/verbTo improve something step by step through repeated small changes.
retention/riˈtenʃən/nounKeeping customers or staff with you instead of losing them.
bootstrap/ˈbuːtˌstræp/verbTo build a company using only your own money, with no investors.
crowdfunding/ˈkraʊdˌfʌndɪŋ/nounRaising money online in small amounts from very many people.

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