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Unit 1 · Assertion & affirmation

25 слов

assertion/əˈsɜːʃən/nounA strong statement that something is true, said without giving any proof.
conviction/kənˈvɪkʃən/nounA formal court decision that a person is guilty of a crime.
emphasize/ˈemfəˌsaɪz/verbTo give special importance to something you say.
allegation/ˌæləˈɡeɪʃən/nounA public claim that someone has done something wrong, with no proof yet.
allege/əˈledʒ/verbTo say that someone did something wrong before it is proved.
assurance/əˈʃʊrəns/nounA firm promise that something is true or will happen.
declaration/ˌdekləˈreɪʃən/nounAn official public statement about something important.
endorsement/enˈdɔːsmənt/nounPublic support given to a person, a plan or a product.
patent/ˈpeɪtnt/nounAn official right that stops other people copying your new invention.
ascertain/ˌæsəˈteɪn/verbTo find out the true facts about something, so that you are sure.
avow/əˈvaʊ/verbTo say openly and firmly that you believe something or that you did it.
axiomatic/ˌæksiəˈmætɪk/adjSo clearly true that nobody needs to prove it.
categorical/ˌkætəˈɡɑːrɪkəl/adjSaid in a very clear, firm way that leaves no doubt at all.
cogency/ˈkəʊdʒənsi/nounHow strong and clear a reason is, so that people accept it.
corroboration/kəˌrɒbəˈreɪʃn/nounExtra proof or facts that show a claim or a story is true.
dictum/ˈdɪktəm/nounA short, firm saying or ruling from someone with real authority.
espouse/ɪˈspaʊz/verbTo support an idea or cause openly and put your name behind it.
incontrovertible/ˌɪnkɒntrəˈvɜːtəbl/adjSo certain that nobody can argue against it.
indubitable/ɪnˈdjuːbɪtəbl/adjCompletely certain, so there is no room left for any doubt.
manifesto/ˌmænəˈfeˌstəʊ/nounA public written statement of what a group believes and plans to do.
peremptory/pəˈremptəri/adjSpoken in a sharp way that expects you to obey at once.
profess/prəˈfes/verbTo claim openly that you feel or believe something, sometimes untruly.
stipulate/ˈstɪpjəˌleɪt/verbTo say clearly that something must be done as part of a deal.
unassailable/ˌʌnəˈseɪləbəl/adjSo strong that nobody can attack it or find a fault in it.
unimpeachable/ˌʌnɪmˈpiːtʃəbəl/adjSo honest and correct that nobody can blame or doubt it.

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Unit 2 · Negation & refutation

25 слов

abjure/əbˈdʒʊə/verbTo give up a belief or habit for good, saying so in public.
abrogate/ˈæbrəˌɡeɪt/verbTo end a law, treaty or right by official action.
annul/əˈnʌl/verbTo declare officially that a marriage or contract never counted.
belie/bɪˈlaɪ/verbTo make something seem different from how it really is.
contravene/ˌkɒntrəˈviːn/verbTo do something that breaks a rule, law or agreement.
debunk/dɪˈbʌŋk/verbTo show that a popular idea is false or silly.
demur/dɪˈmɜː/verbTo say politely that you are not sure or do not agree.
disavow/ˌdɪsəˈvaʊ/verbTo say publicly that you have no link with something or someone.
disclaim/dɪsˈkleɪm/verbTo state that you are not responsible for something and do not own it.
dissent/dɪˈsent/verbTo disagree openly with an official opinion or decision.
expunge/ɪkˈspʌndʒ/verbTo take something out of a record so no trace is left.
gainsay/ˈɡeɪnˌseɪ/verbTo say that something is not true, or to argue against it.
impugn/ɪmˈpjuːn/verbTo suggest in public that someone or something cannot be trusted.
invalidate/ɪnˈvælɪˌdeɪt/verbTo make a result, rule or agreement stop counting.
negate/nɪˈɡeɪt/verbTo cancel the effect of something, so it counts for nothing.
nullify/ˈnʌləˌfaɪ/verbTo make a rule, vote or deal count for nothing in law.
obviate/ˈɒbvieɪt/verbTo make a problem or a need go away before it starts.
quash/kwɒʃ/verbTo reject a decision officially, or to stop trouble at once.
recant/riˈkænt/verbTo say in public that you no longer hold a view you stated before.
rebuttal/rɪˈbʌtəl/nounA reply that gives reasons why a claim is wrong.
refutation/ˌrefjuːˈteɪʃən/nounAn answer with proof that shows a claim or theory is false.
renege/rɪˈniːɡ/verbTo break a promise or go back on a deal you agreed to.
renounce/rɪˈnaʊns/verbTo give up a right, title or habit and say so openly.
repeal/rɪˈpiːl/verbTo end a law officially so it no longer applies.
repudiate/riˈpjuːdiˌeɪt/verbTo reject an idea, person or debt openly and completely.

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Unit 3 · Cause & consequence

25 слов

derive/dəˈraɪv/verbTo get something from a particular source or origin.
implication/ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/nounA likely result of an action, or something suggested without being said…
originate/əˈrɪdʒəˌneɪt/verbTo first come from a certain place, time or person.
generate/ˈdʒenəreɪt/verbTo produce energy, or to create something new.
aftermath/ˈɑːftəmæθ/nounThe situation that is left behind after a war, storm or accident.
evoke/ɪˈvəʊk/verbTo bring a feeling, picture or memory into someone's mind.
trigger/ˈtrɪɡə/verbTo make something happen suddenly, often something bad.
incidence/ˈɪnsədəns/nounHow often a disease or a problem happens within a group of people.
induce/ɪnˈdjuːs/verbTo make someone do something, or to cause a condition.
catalyst/ˈkætələst/nounA person or event that makes change happen much faster.
concomitant/kənˈkɒmɪtənt/adjHappening together with something else and closely linked to it.
corollary/kəˈrɒləri/nounA second idea or result that follows directly from the first one.
culminate/ˈkʌlmɪˌneɪt/verbTo end with the biggest or most important part, after a long build-up.
denouement/ˌdeɪˌnuːˈmɒn/nounThe last part of a story, where every open question gets answered.
elicit/ɪˈlɪsɪt/verbTo get an answer, a fact or a reaction out of someone.
emanate/ˈeməˌneɪt/verbTo flow or spread out from one place or one person.
engender/enˈdʒendə/verbTo make a feeling or a state of affairs start to exist.
entail/enˈteɪl/verbTo have something as a necessary part or result.
foment/fəʊˈment/verbTo help anger or trouble grow, often on purpose.
impetus/ˈɪmpətəs/nounThe push or reason that makes a plan start moving forward.
instigate/ˈɪnstəˌɡeɪt/verbTo make something start, often trouble, or push others into it.
precipitate/prɪˈsɪpɪˌteɪt/verbTo make a bad event happen sooner than it would have.
ramification/ˌræməfəˈkeɪʃən/nounA further result of a choice, often one nobody expected.
repercussion/ˌriːpəˈkʌʃən/nounA bad effect that shows up later, often far from the cause.
upshot/ˈʌpˌʃɒt/nounThe final result of a set of events, said in a short way.

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Unit 4 · Contrast & paradox

25 слов

aberrant/æˈberənt/adjVery different from what is usual, and usually not welcome.
aberration/ˌæbəˈreɪʃən/nounA single strange case that does not fit the usual pattern.
anomalous/əˈnɒmələs/adjNot fitting the normal rule, so it looks strange or wrong.
anomaly/əˈnɒməli/nounA thing that does not follow the usual pattern and stands out.
antithesis/ænˈtɪθəsəs/nounThe exact opposite of a thing, idea or person.
antithetical/ˌæntəˈθetɪkəl/adjCompletely opposed to something, so the two cannot fit together.
contrarian/kənˈtreəriən/nounA person who likes to take the opposite view from most people.
counterintuitive/ˌkaʊntərɪnˈtjuːɪtɪv/adjTrue, even though your first feeling says it should not be.
counterpoint/ˈkaʊntəˌpɔɪnt/nounSomething placed next to another thing to show the difference.
dichotomy/daɪˈkɒtəmi/nounA sharp split between two ideas or groups treated as opposites.
disparate/ˈdɪspərɪt/adjSo different from each other that they are hard to compare.
disparity/dɪˈspærəti/nounA large gap between two things that feels unfair.
dissonance/ˈdɪsənəns/nounAn uneasy clash between two things or ideas that do not match.
dissonant/ˈdɪsənənt/adjClashing with what is around it, so it sounds or feels wrong.
divergence/daɪˈvɜːdʒəns/nounThe point where two paths, views or lines start to differ.
divergent/daɪˈvɜːdʒənt/adjMoving apart, or holding views that pull in different directions.
heterodox/ˈhetərəˌdɒks/adjNot following the belief that most people in a field accept.
heterogeneous/ˌhetərəˈdʒiːniəs/adjMade of many kinds of parts that are not alike.
idiosyncrasy/ˌɪdiəʊˈsɪnkrəsi/nounA small odd habit that belongs to one person alone.
idiosyncratic/ˌɪdiəʊsɪnˈkrætɪk/adjOdd in a way that belongs to one person and nobody else.
incongruity/ˌɪnkənˈɡruːəti/nounSomething that clearly does not fit the place or moment.
incongruous/ɪnˈkɒŋɡruəs/adjLooking strange because it does not match what is around it.
juxtapose/ˌdʒʌkstəˈpəʊz/verbTo put two things next to each other so the difference shows.
juxtaposition/ˌdʒʌkstəpəˈzɪʃən/nounThe effect you get when two very different things sit together.
oxymoron/ˌɒksɪˈmɔːrɒn/nounTwo words put together that seem to say opposite things.

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Unit 5 · Degree & intensity

25 слов

ultimate/ˈʌltəmət/adjHappening at the end of a long process, or the best possible.
exceed/ɪkˈsiːd/verbTo go beyond a limit or an amount that was set.
mount/maʊnt/verbTo increase gradually over a period of time.
heighten/ˈhaɪtən/verbTo make a feeling or an effect stronger than before.
intensity/ɪnˈtensəti/nounHow strong a feeling, an activity or a force is.
magnitude/ˈmæɡnəˌtjuːd/nounHow big, strong or important something is when you measure it.
peak/piːk/nounThe highest point or level that something reaches.
soar/sɔː/verbTo rise very quickly to a high level or a great height.
attenuate/əˈtenjuːˌeɪt/verbTo make something weaker, thinner or less strong than before.
augment/ɔːɡˈment/verbTo make something larger or stronger by adding more to it.
consummate/kənˈsʌmət/adjPerfect at what you do, with skill that leaves nothing missing.
curtail/kəˈteɪl/verbTo cut something short, or to make it smaller than planned.
diminution/ˌdɪməˈnjuːʃən/nounA drop in how big, strong or important something is.
escalation/ˌeskəˈleɪʃən/nounA fast rise to a higher and often more serious level.
exacerbate/ɪɡˈzæsəˌbeɪt/verbTo make a bad situation or feeling even worse than before.
nadir/ˈneɪdə/nounThe very lowest point, when things could hardly get worse.
paramount/ˈpærəmaʊnt/adjMore important than anything else, so it comes first.
pinnacle/ˈpɪnəkəl/nounThe highest point of success that someone can reach.
preeminent/priˈemənənt/adjBetter than everyone else working in the same field.
preponderance/prɪˈpɒndərəns/nounThe fact that one side is far larger in number or weight.
quintessential/ˌkwɪntɪˈsenʃəl/adjShowing the purest and most typical form of a kind of thing.
surfeit/ˈsɜːfət/nounFar too much of something, so that it stops being good.
truncate/ˈtrʌŋˌkeɪt/verbTo cut the end off something so it becomes shorter.
unmitigated/ənˈmɪtəˌɡeɪtɪd/adjComplete and total, with nothing at all to make it better.
zenith/ˈziːnəθ/nounThe point where power, fame or success is at its greatest.

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Unit 6 · Approval & admiration

25 слов

acclamation/ˌækləˈmeɪʃən/nounLoud public approval shown by clapping and cheering together.
adulation/ˌædʒəˈleɪʃən/nounPraise so strong that it starts to seem silly or untrue.
aficionado/əˌfɪʃəˈnɑːdəʊ/nounA keen fan who knows a lot about one hobby or subject.
affinity/əˈfɪnəti/nounA natural liking for something, or a close link between two things.
allure/əˈlʊə/nounThe strong pull that makes people want something.
approbation/ˌæprəˈbeɪʃən/nounFormal approval, given openly by people who matter.
avid/ˈævəd/adjVery keen about a hobby, and doing it as often as you can.
condone/kənˈdəʊn/verbTo accept behaviour that most people would call wrong.
devotee/ˌdevəˈtiː/nounA person who loves one activity or belief very deeply.
encomium/enˈkəʊmiəm/nounA formal speech or piece of writing full of high praise.
enthrall/ɪnˈθrɔːl/verbTo hold someone's attention so fully that they forget everything else.
eulogize/ˈjuːləˌdʒaɪz/verbTo speak or write about someone with very high praise.
eulogy/ˈjuːlədʒi/nounA speech of high praise, often for a person who died.
exaltation/ˌeɡzɔːlˈteɪʃn/nounA feeling of great joy that seems to lift you above daily life.
fawn/fɔːn/verbTo praise and flatter someone in a weak way, hoping for favour.
glorify/ˈɡlɔːrəˌfaɪ/verbTo make something look far better or nobler than it really is.
idolize/ˈaɪdəˌlaɪz/verbTo admire someone so much that you see no faults in them.
ingratiate/ɪŋˈɡreɪʃiˌeɪt/verbTo try hard, in an obvious way, to make someone like you.
laudatory/ˈlɔːdəˌtɔːri/adjFull of praise for someone or something.
lionize/ˈlaɪəˌnaɪz/verbTo treat a person as very important and famous.
panegyric/ˌpænɪˈdʒɪrɪk/nounA formal talk or text that praises a person very highly.
predilection/ˌpredəˈlekʃən/nounA settled liking for one kind of thing over all the others.
proclivity/prəˈklɪvəti/nounA natural pull towards doing one kind of thing.
propensity/prəˈpensɪti/nounA strong tendency to act in one particular way.
sanguine/ˈsæŋɡwɪn/adjCalmly hopeful that things will turn out well.

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Unit 7 · Censure & derision

25 слов

acerbic/əˈsɜːbɪk/adjSour and sharp in tone, often clever but not kind.
acrimonious/ˌækrəˈməʊniəs/adjFull of anger and bad feeling, said of a fight or split.
acrimony/ˈækrɪˌməʊni/nounBitter anger and bad feeling between people who disagree.
aspersion/əˈspɜːʒən/nounAn unkind remark that makes people doubt someone's good name.
calumny/ˈkæləmni/nounA false story told on purpose to damage someone's good name.
castigate/ˈkæstəˌɡeɪt/verbTo tell someone off very harshly, often where others can hear.
censorious/senˈsɔːriəs/adjQuick to blame others and slow to see any good.
chide/tʃaɪd/verbTo tell someone off in a mild but firm way.
curmudgeon/kəˈmʌdʒɪn/nounAn older person who complains a lot and is often grumpy.
derision/dəˈrɪʒən/nounOpen laughing at someone to show they are not worth taking seriously.
diatribe/ˈdaɪəˌtraɪb/nounA long, angry speech that attacks a person or thing.
disparagement/dɪˈspærɪdʒmənt/nounWords or acts that make a person or thing seem less worthy.
excoriate/ekˈskɔːriˌeɪt/verbTo attack someone with very harsh words in public.
fulminate/ˈfʊlmɪneɪt/verbTo speak out loudly and angrily against something you hate.
harangue/həˈræŋ/nounA long, forceful talk that tells people off or pushes them.
invective/ɪnˈvektɪv/nounVery harsh, insulting language used to attack someone.
lambaste/læmˈbeɪst/verbTo attack someone with strong angry words, often in public.
opprobrium/əˈprəʊbriəm/nounPublic shame and strong blame aimed at someone.
pillory/ˈpɪləri/verbTo attack someone in public so that everyone laughs at them.
polemical/pəˈleməkəl/adjWritten to attack an opposing view in a strong angry way.
recrimination/rɪˌkrɪmɪˈneɪʃən/nounAngry blaming that goes back and forth between two sides.
reprehensible/ˌreprɪˈhensəbəl/adjSo wrong that it clearly deserves strong blame.
revile/riˈvaɪl/verbTo speak about someone with open hate and scorn.
tirade/taɪˈreɪd/nounA long, angry stream of words aimed at someone.
upbraid/ʌpˈbreɪd/verbTo tell someone off firmly for something they did wrong.

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Unit 8 · Intellectual quality

25 слов

genius/ˈdʒiːnjəs/nounA person with unusually great ability, or that very great ability itself.
intellectual/ˌɪntəˈlektʃuːəl/adjConnected with thinking hard and understanding difficult ideas.
perception/pəˈsepʃən/nounThe way you notice and make sense of the world around you.
reasoning/ˈriːzənɪŋ/nounThe way of thinking that leads you to a decision or belief.
mentor/ˈmenˌtɔː/nounAn older, more experienced person who advises and helps someone at work.
reflection/rɪˈflekʃən/nounAn image seen in a mirror or in water; also, careful thought.
scholarship/ˈskɒləˌʃɪp/nounMoney given to a student so they can pay for their education.
wisdom/ˈwɪzdəm/nounGood judgement that comes from long experience and knowledge.
aptitude/ˈæptəˌtjuːd/nounA natural talent that lets someone learn or do something quickly and well.
acumen/əˈkjuːmən/nounA sharp mind that makes quick and correct decisions in one field.
adroit/əˈdrɔɪt/adjVery skilled and quick, with the hands or with the mind.
cerebral/ˈserəbrəl/adjBased on thinking and reason more than on feeling; of the brain.
cognizant/ˈkɒɡnəzənt/adjAware of a fact and keeping it in mind.
connoisseur/ˌkɒnəˈsɜː/nounSomeone who knows a lot about art, food or wine and enjoys it.
discernment/dɪˈsɜːnmənt/nounA good eye for small differences and for what really matters.
erudition/ˌerəˈdɪʃən/nounDeep knowledge gained from many years of reading and study.
ingenuity/ˌɪndʒəˈnjuːəti/nounThe skill of finding clever new ways to solve hard problems.
intuitive/ɪnˈtjuːətɪv/adjComing from a feeling rather than from careful thought; easy to use at once.
lucidity/luːˈsɪdɪti/nounClear thinking, or a very clear way of speaking and writing.
perceptive/pəˈseptɪv/adjQuick to notice and understand things that other people miss.
precocious/prɪˈkəʊʃəs/adjShowing adult skill or maturity much earlier in life than usual.
prowess/ˈpraʊəs/nounGreat skill or strength at something, often sport or fighting.
sagacious/səˈɡeɪʃəs/adjWise, with sound judgment that has grown from long experience.
virtuoso/ˌvɜːtʃuˈəʊsəʊ/nounA person who plays music with amazing skill.
perspicacious/ˌpɜːspɪˈkeɪʃəs/adjQuick to see and understand what other people fail to notice.

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Unit 9 · Ignorance & folly

25 слов

asinine/ˈæsəˌnaɪn/adjExtremely silly and showing no thought at all.
banality/bəˈnælɪti/nounBeing so ordinary and dull that nothing is new or interesting.
credulity/krɪˈdjuːləti/nounA habit of believing things far too easily, without asking for proof.
credulous/ˈkredʒələs/adjToo ready to believe what other people say.
delusion/dɪˈluːʒən/nounA false belief that someone keeps even when the facts say otherwise.
dilettante/ˌdɪlɪˈtænti/nounSomeone who plays at an art or subject without studying it seriously.
fallible/ˈfæləbəl/adjAble to be wrong or to make mistakes.
fatuous/ˈfætjuəs/adjSilly and empty, yet pleased with itself.
folly/ˈfɒli/nounA very foolish act, or the state of not thinking sensibly.
foolhardy/ˈfuːlˌhɑːdi/adjBrave in a reckless way that ignores real danger.
gullible/ˈɡʌləbəl/adjEasily tricked because of trusting people too much.
inane/ɪˈneɪn/adjEmpty of sense and completely pointless.
inept/ɪˈnept/adjHaving no skill at doing something; clumsy and poorly done.
ingenuous/ɪnˈdʒenjuːəs/adjInnocent, open and honest, sometimes in a rather trusting way.
insipid/ɪnˈsɪpɪd/adjDull, with no strong taste and nothing to hold your interest.
jejune/dʒɪˈdʒuːn/adjToo simple and childish to satisfy a thinking reader.
ludicrous/ˈluːdəkrəs/adjSo silly or unreasonable that people laugh at it.
misapprehension/mɪˌsæpriˈhenʃən/nounA wrong idea about what something means or how it works.
myopic/maɪˈɒpɪk/adjUnable to see far ahead, or unwilling to plan for later needs.
obtuse/ɒbˈtjuːs/adjSlow to notice or understand, sometimes on purpose.
parochial/pəˈrəʊkiəl/adjCaring only about your own small area and ignoring the wider world.
philistine/ˈfɪlɪstaɪn/nounA person who has no interest in art, books or new ideas.
platitude/ˈplætɪˌtjuːd/nounA dull remark that everyone has heard many times before.
preposterous/prɪˈpɒstərəs/adjSo far from reason that it is hard to take seriously.
puerile/ˈpjʊəraɪl/adjChildish in a way that annoys grown-up people.

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Unit 10 · Social relations

25 слов

aloofness/əˈluːfnəs/nounA cool, distant manner that keeps other people at a distance.
camaraderie/ˌkɑːməˈrɑːdəri/nounThe warm friendly feeling shared by people who work or fight together.
clique/kliːk/nounA small closed group of friends who keep other people out.
commiserate/kəˈmɪsəˌreɪt/verbTo tell someone you feel sorry about the bad thing that happened.
convivial/kənˈvɪviəl/adjCheerful and friendly, and happy to eat and drink with others.
cordial/ˈkɔːdʒəl/adjWarm, sincere and polite towards other people.
decorum/dɪˈkɔːrəm/nounCorrect, quiet, polite behaviour that fits a serious public place.
deferential/ˌdefəˈrentʃəl/adjShowing great respect to someone older or higher in rank.
demeanor/dɪˈmiːnə/nounThe way a person looks and behaves in front of others.
effusive/ɪˈfjuːsɪv/adjShowing warm feeling so openly that it can seem too much.
egalitarian/ɪˌɡæləˈteriən/adjBelieving that all people should have the same rights and chances.
estrangement/ɪˈstreɪndʒmənt/nounNo longer being close to a person you once loved or trusted.
etiquette/ˈetəkət/nounThe polite rules that say how people should behave in a group.
fraternize/ˈfrætəˌnaɪz/verbTo mix in a friendly way with people you are not supposed to.
garrulity/ɡəˈruːləti/nounA habit of talking far too much about small unimportant things.
genial/ˈdʒiːnjəl/adjCheerful, kind and easy to talk to.
gregariousness/ɡrɪˈɡeəriəsnəs/nounA strong liking for being around other people rather than alone.
insular/ˈɪnsələ/adjClosed off from outsiders and not interested in new ideas.
magnanimity/ˌmæɡnəˈnɪməti/nounBeing kind and generous, even toward people who have hurt you.
misanthrope/ˈmɪsənˌθrəʊp/nounA person who dislikes people in general and avoids them.
ostracize/ˈɒstrəsaɪz/verbTo shut someone out of a group on purpose so nobody talks to them.
pariah/pəˈraɪə/nounSomeone that a whole group refuses to accept or be seen with.
rapport/ræˈpɔː/nounAn easy, trusting understanding between two people who get along.
recluse/rɪˈkluːs/nounA person who lives alone and stays away from company.
urbane/əˈbeɪn/adjSmooth, polite and confident with people, in a city way.

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Unit 11 · Politics & the state

25 слов

democracy/dɪˈmɒkrəsi/nounA system in which people choose their own government.
governance/ˈɡʌvənəns/nounThe way a country, company or group is run and controlled.
regime/rəˈʒiːm/nounA government, especially one that rules people in a hard way.
bureaucracy/bjʊˈrɑːkrəsi/nounA system of official rules and forms that makes things very slow.
constituency/kənˈstɪtʃuːənsi/nounAn area whose voters choose one person to speak for them in parliament.
delegate/ˈdelɪɡət/nounA person chosen to speak and vote for a group at a meeting.
diplomatic/ˌdɪpləˈmætɪk/adjGood at dealing with people politely so nobody gets angry.
faction/ˈfækʃən/nounA small group inside a larger one that disagrees with the rest.
franchise/ˈfrænˌtʃaɪz/nounThe right to sell a company's goods or services in one area.
legislature/ˈledʒəˌsleɪtʃə/nounThe group of people in a country who make the laws.
propaganda/ˌprɒpəˈɡændə/nounInformation spread to make people support one side, often not honest.
referendum/ˌrefəˈrendəm/nounA vote in which all adults say yes or no to one question.
sovereignty/ˈsɒvrənti/nounThe full power of a country to rule itself without outside control.
autocracy/ɔːˈtɒkrəsi/nounA system where one person holds total power over a country.
demagogue/ˈdeməˌɡɒɡ/nounA leader who wins support by stirring up anger and fear.
despotism/ˈdespəˌtɪzəm/nounCruel, harsh rule by someone whose power has no limits.
dissident/ˈdɪsədənt/nounA person who openly speaks against their own government.
electorate/ɪˈlektərət/nounAll the people in a country who are allowed to vote.
incumbent/ɪnˈkʌmbənt/nounThe person who now holds a job or office and may keep it.
insurrection/ˌɪnsəˈrekʃən/nounA violent rising by ordinary people against those in power.
oligarchy/ˈɒləˌɡɑːki/nounControl of a country by a small group of rich, powerful people.
partisan/ˈpɑːtəzən/adjStrongly loyal to one side and unfair to the other.
populism/ˈpɒpjəˌlɪzəm/nounPolitics that claims to speak for ordinary people against the elite.
sedition/sɪˈdɪʃən/nounWords or acts meant to stir people to revolt against their rulers.
suffrage/ˈsʌfrɪdʒ/nounThe right to vote in public elections.

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Unit 12 · Power & domination

25 слов

ascendancy/əˈsendənsi/nounA position of control or higher power over other people or groups.
clout/klaʊt/nounThe power to get things done because others listen to you.
coercion/kəʊˈɜːʃən/nounUsing threats or force to make someone do what you want.
coercive/kəʊˈɜːsɪv/adjUsing threats or force to control what people do.
commandeer/ˌkɒmənˈdɪə/verbTo take someone's property for official or army use without asking.
compulsion/kəmˈpʌlʃən/nounA force or strong urge that leaves someone no real choice.
despotic/dɪˈspɒtɪk/adjRuling in a cruel, harsh way with power that no law limits.
dictatorial/ˌdɪktəˈtɔːriəl/adjGiving orders and allowing nobody to argue or disagree.
disenfranchise/ˌdɪsɪnˈfræntʃaɪz/verbTo take away a group's right to vote or to have a say.
imperious/ɪmˈpɪriəs/adjExpecting to be obeyed at once, without any question.
impotence/ˈɪmpətəns/nounA total lack of power to change or stop what is happening.
magisterial/ˌmædʒɪˈstɪəriəl/adjSpeaking or written with calm, sure authority that nobody questions.
marginalize/ˈmɑːdʒənəˌlaɪz/verbTo push a group to the edge of society so their voice counts less.
muzzle/ˈmʌzəl/verbTo stop someone from speaking freely or saying what they think.
omnipotent/ɒmˈnɪpətənt/adjHaving power over everything, with no limit at all.
oppressive/əˈpresɪv/adjTreating people in a hard, cruel way that gives them no freedom.
overbearing/ˌəʊvəˈberɪŋ/adjTrying to control other people in a heavy, unpleasant way.
potency/ˈpəʊtənsi/nounThe strength of something to cause a big effect.
preeminence/priˈemənəns/nounStanding clearly above everyone else in a field.
prerogative/prɪˈrɒɡətɪv/nounA special right that belongs only to one person or group.
primacy/ˈpraɪməsi/nounThe position of being first in importance or rank.
quell/kwel/verbTo put a firm end to fighting, fear or angry feeling.
repress/rɪˈpres/verbTo hold a group down by force, or push a feeling out of mind.
subjugation/ˌsʌbdʒʊˈɡeɪʃən/nounBringing a people under harsh control and taking away their freedom.
subservient/səbˈsɜːviənt/adjToo ready to obey and please someone with more power.

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Unit 13 · Law & justice

25 слов

judicial/dʒuːˈdɪʃəl/adjConnected with courts of law and with the people who decide cases.
verdict/ˈvɜːdɪkt/nounThe decision a court reaches about whether someone is guilty.
prosecute/ˈprɒsəˌkjuːt/verbTo take someone to court and accuse them of a crime.
arbitration/ˌɑːbɪˈtreɪʃən/nounSettling a dispute by letting a neutral outside party decide, instead of a…
custody/ˈkʌstədi/nounThe legal right to care for a child, or being held by the police.
equity/ˈekwəti/nounThe value of a business that belongs to its owners.
grievance/ˈɡriːvəns/nounA formal complaint an employee makes about unfair or wrong treatment at work.
indictment/ɪnˈdaɪtmənt/nounA formal charge in court saying that someone has broken the law.
absolve/əbˈzɒlv/verbTo say officially that a person is free from blame or guilt.
acquit/əˈkwɪt/verbTo decide in court that a person is not guilty of a crime.
adjudicate/əˈdʒuːdɪˌkeɪt/verbTo make an official decision about who is right in a dispute.
amnesty/ˈæmnəsti/nounAn official pardon that frees a group from punishment for past acts.
arbiter/ˈɑːbɪtə/nounA person chosen to settle an argument, whose word is final.
clemency/ˈklemənsi/nounMercy shown by a ruler or judge in making a punishment lighter.
culpable/ˈkʌlpəbəl/adjDeserving blame because you caused something bad to happen.
decree/dɪˈkriː/nounAn official order given by a ruler or a court of law.
exonerate/ɪɡˈzɒnəˌreɪt/verbTo show officially that someone was not to blame after all.
illicit/ɪˈlɪsət/adjNot allowed by law, and usually kept secret.
impunity/ɪmˈpjuːnɪti/nounFreedom from any punishment for something wrong you have done.
incarcerate/ɪnˈkɑːsəˌreɪt/verbTo lock a person up in prison for a period of time.
injunction/ɪnˈdʒʌŋkʃən/nounA court order telling someone to stop doing something at once.
jurisprudence/ˌdʒʊrəˈspruːdəns/nounThe study of law and of the ideas that lie behind it.
malfeasance/ˌmælˈfiːzəns/nounWrongdoing by a person who abuses an official post for gain.
perjury/ˈpɜːdʒəri/nounThe crime of lying after promising in court to tell the truth.
redress/rɪˈdres/nounMoney or action that puts right a wrong done to somebody.

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Unit 14 · Economy & wealth

25 слов

entrepreneur/ˌɑːntrəprəˈnɜː/nounSomeone who starts a business and takes the risk of losing money.
inflation/ɪnˈfleɪʃən/nounA general rise in prices, so the same money buys less.
mortgage/ˈmɔːɡədʒ/nounMoney you borrow from a bank to buy a house.
arrears/əˈrɪəz/nounMoney still owed that should have been handed over earlier.
collateral/kəˈlætərəl/nounProperty you promise to a bank in case a loan is not repaid.
commerce/ˈkɒməs/nounThe buying and selling of goods and services, especially between countries.
commodity/kəˈmɒdəti/nounSomething that is bought and sold, such as oil, rice or coffee.
fiscal/ˈfɪskəl/adjTo do with government money, public spending and taxes.
liquidity/lɪˈkwɪdəti/nounHow easily a firm can turn what it owns into cash.
monetary/ˈmʌnɪtri/adjConnected with money and how a country controls its supply.
monopoly/məˈnɒpəli/nounFull control of a market by one company, with no rivals.
proceeds/ˈprəʊsiːdz/nounThe money that comes in from a sale or an event.
affluence/ˈæfluəns/nounHaving plenty of money and a comfortable, easy life.
avarice/ˈævərɪs/nounA very strong wish for money and things, far past what is needed.
bequeath/bɪˈkwiːθ/verbTo leave money or property to someone in your will.
destitution/ˌdestɪˈtjuːʃən/nounHaving no money, no home and no way to buy food.
embezzle/ɪmˈbezəl/verbTo steal money that your job trusted you to look after.
indigent/ˈɪndɪdʒənt/adjSo poor that you cannot pay for food, rent or medicine.
insolvent/ɪnˈsɒlvənt/adjNot able to pay what you owe to other people.
lucrative/ˈluːkrətɪv/adjBringing in a large amount of money for the work done.
mercenary/ˈmɜːsɪnəri/adjCaring only about money, and not about people or ideas.
munificent/mjuːˈnɪfɪsənt/adjGiving very generously, far more than anyone expected.
parsimonious/ˌpɑːsəˈməʊniəs/adjExtremely unwilling to spend money, even when it is needed.
penury/ˈpenjʊri/nounBeing extremely poor, with almost nothing left to live on.
philanthropy/fɪˈlænθrəpi/nounGiving large sums of money and time to help people in need.

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Unit 15 · Science & method

25 слов

differentiate/ˌdɪfəˈrenʃiˌeɪt/verbSee or show how two things are not the same.
methodology/ˌmeθəˈdɒlədʒi/nounThe set of ways used to carry out a piece of research.
systematic/ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk/adjDone in an orderly way, following a clear plan step by step.
validity/vəˈlɪdəti/nounHow true, sound or legally acceptable something is.
hypothesis/haɪˈpɒθəsəs/nounAn idea you suggest and then test to see whether it is true.
inquiry/ɪnˈkwaɪri/nounAn official process of finding out the truth about an event.
isolate/ˈaɪsəˌleɪt/verbTo keep a person or thing completely apart from others.
observation/ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃən/nounThe act of watching someone or something carefully.
parameter/pəˈræmətə/nounA value you pass into a function or setting to control how it runs.
phenomenon/fəˈnɒmɪnən/nounA fact or an event that can be seen to happen.
probability/ˌprɒbəˈbɪləti/nounHow likely it is that something will really happen.
protocol/ˈprəʊtəˌkɒl/nounAn agreed set of rules that lets two systems exchange data correctly.
aggregate/ˈæɡrɪɡeɪt/verbTo collect separate numbers or pieces of information into one total.
apparatus/ˌæpəˈreɪtəs/nounThe tools or machines needed for a special job or test.
calibrate/ˈkæləˌbreɪt/verbSet a machine carefully so that its measurements come out exact.
coefficient/ˌkəʊəˈfɪʃənt/nounA number that multiplies a letter in a maths formula.
variable/ˈveəriəbl/nounA named slot in code that holds a value which can change while a program runs.
correlate/ˈkɒrəleɪt/verbTo have a close link with something, so both change together.
correlation/ˌkɔːrəˈleɪʃən/nounA link between two things, where one changes as the other does.
efficacy/ˈefɪˌkæsi/nounHow well a drug or method gives the result people hoped for.
equation/ɪˈkweɪʒən/nounA line of maths showing that two amounts are the same.
iterate/ˈɪtəreɪt/verbTo improve something step by step through repeated small changes.
iteration/ˌɪtəˈreɪʃən/nounOne version in a series of gradual improvements to a product or plan.
simulate/ˈsɪmjuleɪt/verbTo make something look or feel real, for practice or for study.
simulation/ˌsɪmjəˈleɪʃən/nounA copy of a real situation, made so people can train or study.

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Unit 16 · Art & aesthetics

25 слов

genre/ˈʒɒnrə/nounA style of art, music or writing.
aesthetic/esˈθetɪk/adjConnected with beauty and with how things look to people.
composition/ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃən/nounThe different parts that something is made of, or a piece of music.
patron/ˈpeɪtrən/nounA person who gives money to support an artist or a charity.
aesthetics/iːsˈθetɪks/nounThe study of beauty and taste in art.
allegory/ˈælɪɡəri/nounA story where people and events stand for deeper ideas.
artifice/ˈɑːtəfɪs/nounClever tricks used to fool people or to seem better.
artisan/ˌɑːtɪˈzæn/nounA worker who makes things by hand with great skill.
baroque/bəˈrɒk/adjVery rich in detail and decoration, in an old European style.
caricature/ˈkærɪkətʃʊə/nounA funny drawing that makes a person's face look too big or odd.
embellish/ɪmˈbelɪʃ/verbTo add details so something looks or sounds better.
evocative/ɪˈvɒkətɪv/adjBringing strong pictures, smells or feelings into your mind.
figurative/ˈfɪɡjərətɪv/adjUsing words in a picture-like way, not with their plain meaning.
grandeur/ˈɡrændjə/nounGreat size and beauty that makes people feel small.
motif/məʊˈtiːf/nounAn idea, shape or sound that comes back again and again.
ornate/ɔːˈneɪt/adjCovered with many small pretty details.
pastiche/pæˈstiːʃ/nounA work made by copying the style of other artists.
picturesque/ˌpɪktʃəˈresk/adjPretty enough to look like a painting.
repertoire/ˈrepəˌtwɑː/nounAll the songs or plays a person is ready to perform.
sublime/səˈblaɪm/adjSo great and beautiful that it almost fills you with awe.
symmetry/ˈsɪmətri/nounWhen the two halves of something look exactly the same.
vignette/vɪˈnjet/nounA short piece of writing or film showing one small scene.
opulence/ˈɒpjələns/nounA show of great wealth and easy comfort.
depiction/dɪˈpɪkʃən/nounA way of showing a person or a thing in art or words.
rendition/renˈdɪʃən/nounOne person's own way of singing, playing or acting a piece.

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Unit 17 · Philosophy & metaphysics

25 слов

conception/kənˈsepʃən/nounAn idea or understanding of how something is, or how it should be.
entity/ˈentəti/nounA thing that exists on its own and is not part of something else.
dialectic/ˌdaɪəˈlektɪk/nounTesting an idea against its opposite to reach a better one.
ethos/ˈiːθɒs/nounThe set of beliefs and values that guide a group.
existential/ˌeɡzɪˈstenʃəl/adjAbout the deepest questions of being alive and why anything is.
humanism/ˈhjuːməˌnɪzəm/nounA view that puts people, reason and this life first.
idealism/aɪˈdiːlɪzəm/nounA habit of aiming at what is perfect rather than practical.
materialism/məˈtɪriəˌlɪzəm/nounCaring more about money and things than about ideas or spirit.
metaphysical/ˌmetəˈfɪzɪkəl/adjAbout deep questions of what is real, beyond what we touch.
nihilism/ˈnaɪəˌlɪzəm/nounThe belief that life has no meaning and no real values.
pragmatism/ˈpræɡməˌtɪzəm/nounJudging ideas by whether they really work in daily life.
rationalism/ˈræʃənəˌlɪzəm/nounThe view that reason, not the senses, gives us true knowledge.
relativism/ˈrelətɪˌvɪzəm/nounThe view that truth and right change with culture and person.
skeptic/ˈskeptɪk/nounA person who doubts what most others accept as true.
stoicism/ˈstəʊəˌsɪzəm/nounStaying calm and not showing pain when things go wrong.
transcend/trænˈsend/verbTo rise above normal limits or go far past them.
transcendent/trænˈsendənt/adjFar above the ordinary world of daily life.
utilitarian/juːˌtɪləˈteriən/adjJudging an action by how much good it brings most people.
altruism/ˈæltruːˌɪzəm/nounCaring about other people and helping them without wanting anything back.
determinism/dɪˈtɜːməˌnɪzəm/nounThe idea that every event is fixed by earlier causes.
agnostic/æɡˈnɒstɪk/nounSomeone who says we cannot know whether a god exists.
intangible/ɪnˈtændʒəbəl/adjReal, but impossible to touch, count or measure.
mortality/mɔːˈtæləti/nounThe fact that every living being must one day die.
volition/vəʊˈlɪʃən/nounThe power to choose and decide by yourself.
hedonism/ˈhiːdəˌnɪzəm/nounThe belief that pleasure and fun matter more than anything else.

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Unit 18 · Religion & the sacred

25 слов

relic/ˈrelɪk/nounAn old object that has survived from a much earlier time.
ritual/ˈrɪtʃuːəl/nounA set of actions always done the same way, often religious.
sacred/ˈseɪkrəd/adjHoly, and treated with great respect in a religion.
blasphemy/ˈblæsfəmi/nounWords or acts that insult what other people hold holy.
clergy/ˈklɜːdʒi/nounThe people trained to lead prayers and religious services.
devout/dɪˈvaʊt/adjTaking your faith very seriously and praying often.
dogma/ˈdɒɡmə/nounA belief that a group must accept without asking questions.
heresy/ˈherəsi/nounA belief that goes against what a church officially teaches.
heretic/ˈherətɪk/nounA person who holds a belief a church has banned.
iconoclast/aɪˈkɒnəˌklæst/nounA person who attacks beliefs that most people still accept.
martyr/ˈmɑːtə/nounA person killed because of a belief or a cause.
orthodox/ˈɔːθəˌdɒks/adjFollowing the old, accepted rules of a faith or field.
orthodoxy/ˈɔːθəˌdɒksi/nounThe set of ideas that a group officially accepts as right.
penance/ˈpenəns/nounSomething hard you do to show you are truly sorry.
piety/ˈpaɪəti/nounDeep respect shown towards god, or towards your parents.
pious/ˈpaɪəs/adjShowing deep religious respect in what you say and do.
pilgrimage/ˈpɪlɡrəmədʒ/nounA long journey made to a place people treat as holy.
profane/prəʊˈfeɪn/adjShowing no respect for what others treat as holy.
redemption/rɪˈdempʃən/nounBeing freed from guilt, or saved from a very bad state.
sanctity/ˈsæŋktɪti/nounThe holy value of something that must not be broken.
sanctuary/ˈsæŋktʃuəri/nounA safe place where someone in danger cannot be touched.
schism/ˈskɪzəm/nounA deep split that breaks one group into two sides.
scripture/ˈskrɪptʃə/nounThe holy writings that a religion treats as its base.
secularism/ˈsekjələˌrɪzəm/nounKeeping religion out of government, schools and public life.
venerable/ˈvenərəbəl/adjOld and deeply respected because of long service or age.

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Unit 19 · Language & speech

25 слов

reticent/ˈretɪsənt/adjSaying very little, especially about your own life or views.
taciturn/ˈtæsɪˌtɜːn/adjSaying very little by nature, so people find you hard to read.
laconic/ləˈkɒnɪk/adjUsing very few words, so you sound calm, cool or even cold.
verbose/vɜːˈbəʊs/adjUsing far more words than needed, so readers get tired.
garrulous/ˈɡerələs/adjTalking far too much, usually about small unimportant things.
terse/tɜːs/adjShort and sharp, with no warmth in the words at all.
glib/ɡlɪb/adjSpeaking smoothly and fast, but sounding shallow and not honest.
loquacious/ləʊˈkweɪʃəs/adjVery fond of talking, often for a long time at once.
voluble/ˈvɒljəbəl/adjSpeaking fast and easily, with a strong steady flow of words.
vociferous/vəʊˈsɪfərəs/adjLoud and forceful in saying what you want or dislike.
circumlocution/ˌsɜːkəmləˈkjuːʃən/nounTalking around a point with many words instead of saying it.
digression/daɪˈɡreʃən/nounA part of a talk that wanders away from the main point.
discursive/dɪˈskɜːsɪv/adjMoving from topic to topic instead of following one line.
euphemism/ˈjuːfəˌmɪzəm/nounA gentle word used in place of a harsh or rude one.
vernacular/vəˈnækjələ/nounThe everyday speech of ordinary people in one place.
colloquial/kəˈləʊkwiəl/adjUsed in relaxed everyday talk, not in formal writing.
diction/ˈdɪkʃən/nounThe choice of words that a speaker or writer makes.
idiom/ˈɪdiəm/nounA group of words whose meaning you cannot guess word by word.
lexicon/ˈleksɪˌkɒn/nounAll the words used by one person, group or language.
neologism/niˈɒləˌdʒɪzəm/nounA brand-new word that people have just started to use.
jargon/ˈdʒɑːɡən/nounSpecial words used inside one job or field that outsiders find hard.
nomenclature/ˈnəʊmənˌkleɪtʃə/nounThe system of names used in a science or a field.
parlance/ˈpɑːləns/nounThe way of speaking that is normal inside one group.
repartee/ˌrepəˈtiː/nounQuick, clever replies that fly back and forth in talk.
soliloquy/səˈlɪləkwi/nounA speech an actor makes alone on stage, thinking out loud.

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Unit 20 · Rhetoric & style

25 слов

imagery/ˈɪmədʒri/nounPictures in words that a writer uses to help you see things.
bombastic/bɒmˈbæstɪk/adjUsing big grand words that sound important but say very little.
sardonic/sɑːˈdɒnɪk/adjMocking in a dry, bitter way, often with a half smile.
caustic/ˈkɒstɪk/adjSharp and biting in a way that hurts the listener.
strident/ˈstraɪdənt/adjLoud, harsh and forceful in a way that annoys people.
pithy/ˈpɪθi/adjShort but full of meaning, with no wasted words.
cogent/ˈkəʊdʒənt/adjClear and strong enough to make other people agree.
hackneyed/ˈhæknid/adjUsed so often that it has lost all its force.
turgid/ˈtɜːdʒɪd/adjHeavy and swollen with words, so reading it feels slow.
florid/ˈflɒrɪd/adjFull of fancy extra words and rich decoration.
grandiloquent/ɡrænˈdɪləkwənt/adjSpeaking in a grand, showy way meant to sound impressive.
stilted/ˈstɪltɪd/adjStiff and unnatural, as if the words were forced out.
pedantry/ˈpedəntri/nounFussing over tiny rules and details to show off learning.
aphorism/ˈæfəˌrɪzəm/nounA short clever sentence that states a truth about life.
anecdotal/ˌænəkˈdəʊtəl/adjBased on personal stories, not on careful proof or numbers.
innuendo/ˌɪnjuːˈendəʊ/nounA hint at something bad, made without stating it openly.
lampoon/læmˈpuːn/verbTo make fun of a person in a sharp, public way.
parody/ˈperədi/nounA funny copy of a work that exaggerates its style.
pathos/ˈpeɪθɒs/nounA quality in art that makes you feel sad and tender.
oratory/ˈɒrətəri/nounThe art of making strong, moving speeches in public.
rejoinder/rɪˈdʒɔɪndə/nounA quick, sharp reply to something a person just said.
abstruse/əbˈstruːs/adjVery hard to understand because the ideas are deep and far from daily life.
vituperation/vɪˌtjuːpəˈreɪʃn/nounHarsh, bitter words used to blame and hurt someone.
virulent/ˈvɪrələnt/adjFull of bitter hate, or able to spread harm very fast.
vilification/ˌvɪləfəˈkeɪʃən/nounSaying very bad things about someone to ruin their good name.

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Unit 21 · Time & transience

25 слов

anachronism/əˈnækrəˌnɪzəm/nounA thing placed in the wrong time period, where it does not belong.
antiquated/ˈæntəˌkweɪtɪd/adjSo old that it no longer fits how people live now.
antiquity/ænˈtɪkwəti/nounThe far distant past, long before modern times began.
archaic/ɑːˈkeɪɪk/adjBelonging to a much earlier age and no longer in use.
chronicle/ˈkrɒnɪkəl/nounA written record of events in the order they happened.
epoch/ˈiːpɒk/nounA long stretch of history marked by one big change.
evanescent/ˌevəˈnesənt/adjFading away very quickly, like mist in morning sun.
forestall/fɔːˈstɔːl/verbTo act early so that something bad cannot happen.
harbinger/ˈhɑːbɪndʒə/nounAn early sign that something bigger is on the way.
hiatus/haɪˈeɪtəs/nounA break in the middle of something, before it starts again.
incipient/ɪnˈsɪpiənt/adjJust beginning, and still small enough to miss.
inception/ɪnˈsepʃən/nounThe moment when something first starts to exist.
intermittent/ˌɪntəˈmɪtənt/adjStopping and then starting again, never steady for long.
juncture/ˈdʒʌŋktʃə/nounA point in time when what you decide matters a lot.
nascent/ˈneɪsənt/adjNewly formed and still growing into what it will be.
obsolescence/ˌɒbsəˈlesəns/nounThe slide of a thing into being no longer useful.
outmoded/ˌaʊtˈməʊdɪd/adjNo longer in fashion, and replaced by better ways.
posterity/pɒˈsterəti/nounAll the people who will live in the years after us.
precursor/priˈkɜːsə/nounA thing that comes before and leads to a later one.
presage/ˈpresɪdʒ/verbTo be a sign that something is going to happen.
prescient/ˈpresiənt/adjAble to see what will happen before it does.
primordial/prɪˈmɔːdiəl/adjExisting from the very first times of the world.
protracted/prəʊˈtræktɪd/adjLasting much longer than people expected or wanted.
respite/ˈrespaɪt/nounA short rest from something hard or painful.
sporadic/spəˈrædɪk/adjHappening now and then, with no set pattern.

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Unit 22 · Change & mutation

25 слов

decompose/ˌdiːkəmˈpəʊz/verbTo slowly break down and rot into simpler natural matter.
evolution/ˌevəˈluːʃən/nounThe slow change of living things or ideas over a long time.
adaptation/ˌædəpˈteɪʃən/nounA change that lets something fit a new use, place or need.
conversion/kənˈvɜːʒən/nounA change from one form, system or use into another one.
fluctuation/ˌflʌktʃuːˈeɪʃən/nounA rise and fall in a number, price or level over time.
innovation/ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/nounA new idea or method that changes the way things are done.
ameliorate/əˈmiːliəreɪt/verbTo make a bad or painful situation better than it was before.
assimilate/əˈsɪməˌleɪt/verbTo take in new ideas fully, or to join a group and become like it.
atrophy/ˈætrəfi/verbWhen a muscle or a skill gets weak and small because nobody uses it.
burgeon/ˈbɜːdʒən/verbTo start growing fast and become much bigger in a short time.
coalesce/ˌkəʊəˈles/verbWhen separate parts or groups come together and make one single thing.
debase/dəˈbeɪs/verbTo make something lose its worth, its quality or people's respect.
dissipate/ˈdɪsəˌpeɪt/verbTo slowly spread out and then vanish; also to waste money or energy.
gestation/dʒeˈsteɪʃən/nounThe time when a baby grows inside its mother, or an idea slowly forms.
incremental/ˌɪnkrəˈmentəl/adjHappening in small regular steps rather than in one big sudden change.
modulate/ˈmɒdjuleɪt/verbTo change the strength, tone or level of something so it fits the moment.
mutable/ˈmjuːtəbəl/adjAble to change, or likely to become different as time passes.
permutation/ˌpɜːmjuːˈteɪʃən/nounOne of the many ways you can order or arrange a set of things.
proliferate/prəˈlɪfəreɪt/verbTo grow in number very fast, so that suddenly there are many more.
rectify/ˈrektəˌfaɪ/verbTo put right something that is wrong, broken or unfair.
resurgence/riˈsɜːdʒəns/nounA strong return of something after a long quiet period.
transmute/trænzˈmjuːt/verbTo change one thing into a completely different thing.
vacillate/ˈvæsəˌleɪt/verbTo keep changing your mind and never settle on one choice.
volatile/ˈvɒlətaɪl/adjLikely to change suddenly, often turning worse or dangerous.
wither/ˈwɪðə/verbTo dry up and shrink, like a plant that gets no water.

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Unit 23 · Quantity & extent

25 слов

extensive/ɪkˈstensɪv/adjCovering a large area, or including a lot of detail.
encompass/enˈkʌmpəs/verbTo include many different things or people as part of one whole.
ratio/ˈreɪʃiˌəʊ/nounThe relation in number or size between two groups of things.
proportion/prəˈpɔːʃən/nounA share of a whole, seen next to the total amount.
scope/skəʊp/nounThe list of work a project will cover, and what it leaves out.
commensurate/kəˈmensərət/adjMatching in size, level or amount; fair when set beside something else.
compendium/kəmˈpendiəm/nounA short book or list that gathers all the key facts on a subject.
cumulative/ˈkjuːmjələtɪv/adjGrowing bigger step by step because each new part is added on.
demarcate/ˈdiːmɑːkeɪt/verbTo draw or set the line that shows where one area or role ends.
disproportionate/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənɪt/adjMuch bigger or smaller than is fair or normal next to something else.
exhaustive/ɪɡˈzɔːstɪv/adjCovering every single part of a subject and leaving nothing out.
finite/ˈfaɪˌnaɪt/adjHaving a clear limit or an end; not going on for ever.
gamut/ˈɡæmət/nounThe full range of things of one kind, from lowest to highest.
infinitesimal/ˌɪnfɪnɪˈtesɪməl/adjSo small that it is almost impossible to see or measure.
latitude/ˈlætəˌtjuːd/nounRoom to act or decide as you like, without tight rules.
minutiae/mɪˈnjuːʃiə/nounVery small details that hardly matter but take a lot of attention.
modicum/ˈmɒdɪkəm/nounA small but useful amount of something, usually something good.
multifarious/ˌmʌltɪˈfeəriəs/adjMade up of many different kinds or sorts at the same time.
myriad/ˈmɪriəd/nounA very large number of things, too many to count easily.
panoply/ˈpænəpli/nounA wide and impressive set of things shown all together.
pervade/pəˈveɪd/verbTo spread into every part of a place, a group or a feeling.
plethora/ˈpleθərə/nounMuch more of something than anybody needs or can use.
replete/riˈpliːt/adjFilled right up with something, or having eaten quite enough.
ubiquitous/juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/adjSeeming to be in every place at the same time.
voluminous/vəˈluːmənəs/adjVery large in size, or very long when it is written down.

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Unit 24 · Ethics & virtue

25 слов

conscience/ˈkɒnʃəns/nounThe feeling inside that tells you what is right or wrong.
morality/məˈræləti/nounIdeas about what is right and wrong in the way people act.
moral/ˈmɔːrəl/adjConnected with ideas about right and wrong behaviour.
ethical/ˈeθɪkəl/adjConnected with what is morally right and wrong.
beneficence/bəˈnefəsəns/nounKindness shown by actually doing good things for other people.
benevolence/bəˈnevələns/nounA warm wish to help people and see them do well.
compunction/kəmˈpʌŋkʃən/nounA small guilty feeling that makes you hesitate before doing wrong.
disinterested/dɪˈsɪntrɪstɪd/adjAble to judge fairly because you gain nothing either way.
fidelity/fəˈdeləti/nounStaying loyal to a person, a promise or an original version.
forbearance/fɔːˈbeərəns/nounPatient self-control that keeps you calm instead of hitting back.
fortitude/ˈfɔːtɪˌtjuːd/nounQuiet courage that lets a person bear pain or trouble calmly.
humility/hjuːˈmɪlɪti/nounNot thinking that you are better or more important than others.
impeccable/ɪmˈpekəbəl/adjSo good that nobody can find any fault in it.
incorruptible/ˌɪnkəˈrʌptəbəl/adjImpossible to bribe or to turn bad, even for a lot of money.
irreproachable/ˌɪrɪˈprəʊtʃəbəl/adjSo correct and honest that nobody can blame you for anything.
principled/ˈprɪnsəpəld/adjActing from firm ideas about right and wrong, even when it costs you.
probity/ˈprəʊbəti/nounComplete honesty, so that people can trust you with anything.
propriety/prəˈpraɪəti/nounBehaviour that follows what people accept as correct and polite.
punctilious/pəŋkˈtɪliəs/adjVery careful to follow every small rule and detail exactly.
rectitude/ˈrektɪˌtjuːd/nounBehaviour that is morally straight, honest and always correct.
scruple/ˈskruːpəl/nounA doubt about right and wrong that stops you acting badly.
temperance/ˈtempərəns/nounChoosing to take only a little, especially of food or drink.
zealous/ˈzeləs/adjWorking with eager energy for a cause you strongly believe in.
temperate/ˈtemprət/adjShowing calm control and never going to an extreme.
veneration/ˌvenəˈreɪʃən/nounDeep respect for a person or thing, mixed with a little awe.

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Unit 25 · Vice & corruption

25 слов

corrupt/kəˈrʌpt/adjWilling to act in a dishonest way in return for money or power.
corruption/kəˈrʌpʃən/nounDishonest behaviour by people in power, often taking money for unfair favours.
bigotry/ˈbɪɡətri/nounStrong unfair dislike of people who have a different race or faith.
chicanery/ʃɪˈkeɪnəri/nounClever tricks and word games used to cheat people.
complicity/kəmˈplɪsəti/nounHelping with a crime or a bad act, or letting it happen.
debauchery/dəˈbɔːtʃəri/nounWild living with far too much drink, food and pleasure.
depravity/dɪˈprævəti/nounBehaviour that is deeply evil and shows no care for others.
dereliction/ˌderəˈlɪkʃən/nounFailing badly to do the job or duty you were trusted with.
dissolute/ˈdɪsəluːt/adjLiving a wild life with no care for rules or health.
iniquity/ɪˈnɪkwɪti/nounA very unfair and wicked act, or such behaviour in general.
licentious/laɪˈsentʃəs/adjIgnoring the usual rules about decent behaviour, especially about sex.
malice/ˈmæləs/nounThe wish to hurt or upset another person on purpose.
mendacity/menˈdæsɪti/nounThe habit of telling lies, or a lie that someone tells.
nefarious/nəˈferiəs/adjVery wicked, usually done in secret and against the law.
perfidy/ˈpɜːfɪdi/nounBreaking faith with someone who trusted you completely.
profligate/ˈprɒflɪɡət/adjSpending money in a wild and careless way, without shame.
rapacious/rəˈpeɪʃəs/adjVery greedy, grabbing whatever can be taken from others.
sanctimonious/ˌsæŋktəˈməʊniəs/adjActing as if you were better and more moral than other people.
scurrilous/ˈskʌrələs/adjRude and insulting about someone, and usually not even true.
sordid/ˈsɔːdəd/adjDirty, shabby, and involving greed or shameful behaviour.
subterfuge/ˈsʌbtəˌfjuːdʒ/nounA trick or a lie used to hide what you are really doing.
transgression/trænzˈɡreʃən/nounAn act that breaks a rule, a law or a moral line.
unscrupulous/ənˈskruːpjələs/adjReady to cheat or harm others in order to get what you want.
venal/ˈviːnəl/adjReady to do wrong for money; open to being bought.
wanton/ˈwɒntən/adjCruel or wild for no good reason at all.

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Unit 26 · Intense emotion

25 слов

outrage/ˈaʊˌtreɪdʒ/nounA strong feeling of shock and anger about something very unfair.
rage/reɪdʒ/nounVery strong anger that is hard to hold back.
abhor/æbˈhɔː/verbTo hate something so strongly that it disgusts you.
animosity/ˌænəˈmɒsəti/nounA strong, open dislike between people that lasts a long time.
antipathy/ænˈtɪpəθi/nounA deep steady dislike of a person, a group or an idea.
aversion/əˈvɜːʒən/nounA strong wish to stay away from something you dislike.
consternation/ˌkɒnstəˈneɪʃən/nounShocked worry and confusion when something bad happens suddenly.
despondency/dɪˈspɒndənsi/nounA deep sad mood in which you feel nothing will get better.
ebullient/ɪˈbʌljənt/adjFull of bubbling cheerful energy that everyone around can feel.
enmity/ˈenməti/nounOpen hatred between two people or two groups.
euphoria/juːˈfɔːriə/nounA short rush of very intense happiness after something goes well.
exuberance/ɪɡˈzjuːbərəns/nounLively joy and energy that a person cannot hold back.
fervid/ˈfɜːvəd/adjBurning with very strong feeling, sometimes too strong.
indignation/ˌɪndɪɡˈneɪʃən/nounAnger you feel when you see something unfair or wrong.
jubilation/ˌdʒuːbəˈleɪʃən/nounLoud open joy shown by many people after very good news.
lament/ləˈment/verbTo show deep sadness about a loss, often in words.
languish/ˈlæŋɡwɪʃ/verbTo stay in a bad place or weak state for a long time.
loathe/ləʊð/verbTo hate something or someone very deeply.
petulance/ˈpetʃələns/nounChildish bad temper shown over small unimportant things.
rancor/ˈræŋkə/nounA bitter angry feeling that stays for a long time after a quarrel.
rapture/ˈræptʃə/nounA feeling of joy so great that you forget everything else.
repugnance/rɪˈpʌɡnəns/nounA strong feeling of disgust that makes you want to turn away.
tumultuous/tjuːˈmʌltʃuəs/adjVery noisy and wild, full of excitement or sudden change.
vehemence/ˈviːəməns/nounGreat force of feeling in the way somebody speaks or acts.
wrath/rɒθ/nounVery great anger, usually shown by someone with power.

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Unit 27 · Composure & restraint

25 слов

ascetic/əˈsetɪk/adjLiving very simply and giving up comfort, often for religious reasons.
understated/ˈʌndəˌsteɪtɪd/adjSaying less than you could, so the effect feels quiet and strong.
abstemious/æbˈstiːmiəs/adjTaking only a little food, drink or pleasure, by choice.
aplomb/əˈplɒm/nounCalm sure control of yourself in a difficult public moment.
circumspect/ˈsɜːkəmˌspekt/adjCareful to look at every risk before you act or speak.
composure/kəmˈpəʊʒə/nounBeing able to stay calm and steady when things go wrong.
demure/dɪˈmjʊə/adjQuiet, shy and behaving in a very proper modest way.
dispassionate/dɪˈspæʃənət/adjJudging calmly, without letting any feeling change your view.
equable/ˈekwəbəl/adjCalm and steady in mood, never getting upset or excited.
equanimity/ˌiːkwəˈnɪmɪti/nounA calm balanced mind that stays steady even under great strain.
frugality/fruːˈɡæləti/nounCareful use of money and goods, never spending more than needed.
impassive/ɪmˈpæsɪv/adjShowing no sign of feeling on the face at all.
imperturbable/ˌɪmpəˈtɜːbəbəl/adjImpossible to upset, no matter how bad things become.
nonchalant/ˈnɒnʃələnt/adjLooking cool and not at all worried, even when others are.
phlegmatic/fleɡˈmætɪk/adjNot easily excited or worried; slow and steady in feeling.
poise/pɔɪz/nounCalm graceful control of the way you stand, move and speak.
prudence/ˈpruːdəns/nounGood sense that makes you avoid risk and plan ahead.
quiescent/kwaɪˈesənt/adjQuiet and not doing anything for the moment, but able to wake.
sangfroid/ˌsɒŋˈfrwɑː/nounCoolness and self-control at a frightening or dangerous moment.
sedate/sɪˈdeɪt/adjCalm, slow and serious in the way somebody moves or lives.
serenity/səˈrenəti/nounA deep untroubled calm in a person, a place or a mood.
sobriety/səˈbraɪəti/nounBeing serious and calm, or living without any alcohol.
stolid/ˈstɒləd/adjShowing little feeling and not easily moved or excited.
unflappable/ənˈflæpəbəl/adjNever getting rattled or nervous, even in a real crisis.
unruffled/ənˈrʌfəld/adjCalm and not upset at all, even when others are worried.

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Unit 28 · Obscurity & mystery

25 слов

mysterious/mɪˈstɪəriəs/adjStrange and hard to explain or understand.
secrecy/ˈsiːkrəsi/nounThe practice of keeping information hidden from people outside a company.
arcane/ˌɑːˈkeɪn/adjOld, mysterious and known to only a few people.
amorphous/əˈmɔːfəs/adjHaving no clear shape, edge or plan.
anonymity/ˌænəˈnɪmɪti/nounBeing unknown by name, so that nobody can say who you are.
byzantine/ˈbɪzənˌtaɪn/adjMade of so many small rules and steps that it becomes very hard to follow.
clandestine/klænˈdestɪn/adjKept secret because it would not be allowed if people knew.
conundrum/kəˈnʌndrəm/nounA hard problem that has no easy or clear answer.
covert/ˈkəʊvət/adjDone in a hidden way so that other people do not notice it.
enigma/ɪˈnɪɡmə/nounA person or thing that nobody can fully explain or work out.
furtive/ˈfɜːtɪv/adjDone fast and quietly because you do not want to be seen.
impenetrable/ɪmˈpenətrəbəl/adjImpossible to get into, or far too hard for anyone to understand.
imperceptible/ˌɪmpəˈseptɪbəl/adjSo small or so slow that you cannot notice it at all.
inexplicable/ˌɪnɪkˈsplɪkəbəl/adjImpossible to give any good reason for.
inscrutable/ɪnˈskruːtəbəl/adjShowing no sign at all of what a person thinks or feels.
labyrinthine/ˌlæbəˈrɪnθaɪn/adjSo full of turns and side paths that it is easy to get lost.
latent/ˈleɪtənt/adjPresent inside something but not yet active or seen.
murky/ˈmɜːki/adjDark and hard to see through, and often hiding something dishonest.
obfuscation/ˌɒbfəˈskeɪʃən/nounMaking something unclear on purpose so people cannot see the truth.
oblique/əˈbliːk/adjNot said in a direct way, but hinted at from the side.
obscurity/əbˈskjʊrəti/nounBeing unknown to people, or being too unclear to understand.
opacity/əʊˈpæsəti/nounNot letting light through; also being very hard to see into or understand.
recondite/ˈrekənˌdaɪt/adjAbout a subject so far from normal life that only a few people know it.
surreptitious/ˌsʌrəpˈtɪʃəs/adjDone in a quiet hidden way, without asking and hoping nobody sees.
unfathomable/ənˈfæðəməbəl/adjToo deep or too strange for anyone to work out.

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Unit 29 · Movement & tendency

25 слов

tendency/ˈtendənsi/nounA habit of usually behaving one way, or something likely to happen.
descent/dɪˈsent/nounA move down to a lower place, or the family someone comes from.
decline/dɪˈklaɪn/verbTo become smaller, weaker or less in number.
migrate/ˈmaɪˌɡreɪt/verbTo move data, users or a whole system from one place to another.
circulate/ˈsɜːkjəˌleɪt/verbTo move around inside a system, or pass from one person to another.
drift/drɪft/verbTo move slowly in water or air, with nothing to steer you.
migration/maɪˈɡreɪʃən/nounThe movement of people or animals from one place to another.
momentum/məʊˈmentəm/nounThe force that keeps a moving thing or a plan going forward.
ascendant/əˈsendənt/adjRising in power and getting stronger than others.
circuitous/səˈkjuːɪtəs/adjLong and winding instead of going the short direct way.
disperse/dɪˈspɜːs/verbTo spread out and move away in many directions.
ebb/eb/verbTo flow back and slowly become weaker or less.
exodus/ˈeksədəs/nounA large number of people leaving a place at the same time.
extricate/ˈekstrəˌkeɪt/verbTo free a person or thing from a tight or difficult spot.
gravitate/ˈɡrævɪˌteɪt/verbTo be pulled again and again towards a person, place or idea.
impinge/ɪmˈpɪndʒ/verbTo have an effect on something, usually a bad or unwanted one.
influx/ˈɪnˌflʌks/nounA large number of people or things arriving at one time.
itinerant/aɪˈtɪnərənt/adjMoving from place to place instead of staying in one home.
oscillate/ˈɒsəˌleɪt/verbTo swing back and forth between two points, moods or choices.
permeate/ˈpɜːmiˌeɪt/verbTo spread into every part of a place, group or idea.
plummet/ˈplʌmət/verbTo fall very fast and very far.
precipitous/prɪˈsɪpɪtəs/adjVery steep, or happening far too suddenly and fast.
recede/rɪˈsiːd/verbTo move back so that something looks smaller or farther away.
stagnate/ˈstæɡˌneɪt/verbTo stop moving or growing and become dull and lifeless.
traverse/trəˈvɜːs/verbTo move across a wide area from one side to the other.

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Unit 30 · Conflict & antagonism

25 слов

controversial/ˌkɒntrəˈvɜːʃəl/adjCausing strong disagreement among many people.
rebellion/rɪˈbeljən/nounAn attempt by many people to fight against a government or a leader.
adversarial/ˌædvəˈseriəl/adjSet up so that two sides fight to win against each other.
altercation/ˌɒltəˈkeɪʃən/nounA short, loud argument between people.
animus/ˈænɪməs/nounStrong dislike that makes someone act against another person.
antagonism/ænˈtæɡəˌnɪzəm/nounOpen dislike and active opposition between two people or groups.
bellicose/ˈbeləˌkəʊs/adjReady and eager to fight or to start a war.
belligerence/bəˈlɪdʒərəns/nounAn angry, fighting manner towards other people.
combative/kəmˈbætɪv/adjAlways ready to argue or fight rather than agree.
contentious/kənˈtenʃəs/adjLikely to start an argument, or fond of arguing with others.
dissension/dɪˈsenʃən/nounSharp disagreement among people who belong to the same group.
embroil/emˈbrɔɪl/verbTo pull a person deep into a fight or a difficult situation.
fractious/ˈfrækʃəs/adjHard to control, and quick to complain or quarrel.
incendiary/ɪnˈsendiəri/adjMade to start a fire, or meant to stir up strong anger.
inimical/ɪˈnɪmɪkəl/adjNot friendly at all, and likely to do harm to something.
insurgency/ɪnˈsɜːdʒənsi/nounAn armed effort by a group to fight against its own government.
intransigence/ɪnˈtrænsədʒəns/nounA firm refusal to change your view or to meet others halfway.
litigious/lɪˈtɪdʒəs/adjToo quick to take other people to court over small things.
mutiny/ˈmjuːtəni/nounA refusal by soldiers or sailors to obey the people in charge.
polarization/ˌpəʊlərəˈzeɪʃən/nounA split into two groups with almost nobody left in the middle.
pugnacious/pʌɡˈneɪʃəs/adjAlways looking for a fight or a heated argument.
recalcitrant/rɪˈkælsɪtrənt/adjRefusing to obey or to do what is asked, even after being told.
rift/rɪft/nounA deep split between people or groups who were once close.
subversion/səbˈvɜːʒən/nounA quiet effort to weaken a government or system from inside.
vitriolic/ˌvɪtriˈɒlɪk/adjFull of cruel, bitter words that are meant to hurt someone.

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Unit 31 · Cooperation & concord

25 слов

integration/ˌɪntəˈɡreɪʃən/nounJoining people or parts together so they work as one.
alignment/əˈlaɪnmənt/nounWhen things sit in a straight line, or when groups agree and work together.
collaborate/kəˈlæbəˌreɪt/verbWork together with other people on a job or piece of research.
collaboration/kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃən/nounThe work that two or more people do together on the same project.
collective/kəˈlektɪv/adjShared by, or done by, all the members of a group together.
accede/ækˈsiːd/verbTo say yes to a request or demand after being asked.
acquiesce/ˌækwiˈes/verbTo accept something quietly, without arguing, even if you dislike it.
allay/əˈleɪ/verbTo make a fear or worry become smaller and easier to bear.
amalgamate/əˈmælɡəˌmeɪt/verbTo join two groups or things into one bigger whole.
amenable/əˈmiːnəbəl/adjWilling to accept an idea, or easy to work together with.
assent/əˈsent/verbTo say yes to a plan, or the official agreement itself.
cohere/kəʊˈhɪə/verbTo hold together and make sense as one whole.
cohesive/kəʊˈhiːsɪv/adjWell joined, with all the parts working together as one.
compliant/kəmˈplaɪənt/adjWilling to obey rules or to do what you are told.
conciliatory/kənˈsɪliətəri/adjMeant to end a quarrel and make people friendly again.
concur/kənˈkɜː/verbTo have the same view as someone else about something.
confluence/ˈkɒnfluːəns/nounA point where two rivers, ideas or forces come together.
congruent/ˈkɒŋɡruənt/adjFitting well together, with no clash between the parts.
consortium/kənˈsɔːʃiəm/nounA group of companies or bodies working together on one big job.
harmonious/hɑːˈməʊniəs/adjFree of quarrels, with people or parts getting along very well.
liaison/liˈeɪzən/nounA person or link that helps two groups talk and work together.
rapprochement/rəˈprɒʃmɒn/nounA return to friendly ties after a long cold or angry period.
reciprocity/ˌresɪˈprɒsɪti/nounGiving help back to someone who has helped you.
symbiotic/ˌsɪmbiˈɒtɪk/adjWhere two sides live or work together and both sides gain.
amity/ˈæmɪti/nounA friendly, peaceful relationship between people or countries.

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Unit 32 · Perception & judgment

25 слов

assumption/əˈsʌmpʃən/nounSomething you believe is true without having proof.
interpretation/ˌɪnˌtɜːprɪˈteɪʃən/nounThe meaning that you give to something after thinking carefully about it.
perceive/pəˈsiːv/verbTo notice something, or to understand it in a certain way.
viewpoint/ˈvjuːˌpɔɪnt/nounA way of thinking about a subject; somebody's personal opinion.
contemplate/ˈkɒntəmˌpleɪt/verbTo think about something carefully for a long time.
critique/krəˈtiːk/nounA careful written or spoken report saying what is good and bad.
deem/diːm/verbTo think of a person or thing in a certain way, in formal use.
discerning/dɪˈsɜːnɪŋ/adjAble to tell good quality from poor with a careful eye.
distinction/dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/nounA clear difference between two things that seem alike.
interpret/ɪnˈtɜːprət/verbTo explain the meaning of words or actions.
perspective/pəˈspektɪv/nounA particular way of thinking about something.
reckon/ˈrekən/verbTo think or guess that something is true, used in everyday talk.
appraisal/əˈpreɪzəl/nounA regular meeting where a manager reviews an employee's work and sets new goals.
paradigm/ˈperəˌdaɪm/nounA whole way of thinking that a group shares at one time.
subjective/səbˈdʒektɪv/adjBased on your own feelings, not on facts everyone can check.
tenet/ˈtenət/nounA main belief that a group holds and builds on.
innate/ɪˈneɪt/adjPresent in a person from birth, not learned later.
discern/dɪˈsɜːn/verbTo notice or make out something that is not easy to see.
construe/kənˈstruː/verbTo take words or acts as having a certain meaning.
misconstrue/ˌmɪskənˈstruː/verbTo take words the wrong way and end up with the wrong meaning.
cognizance/ˈkɒɡnəzəns/nounNotice or awareness that something is there and matters.
purview/ˈpɜːˌvjuː/nounThe range of things a person or body has the power to handle.
preconception/ˌpriːkənˈsepʃən/nounAn idea you already hold before you know the real facts.
foresight/ˈfɔːˌsaɪt/nounThe skill of seeing what may happen and getting ready for it.
discriminating/dɪˈskrɪməˌneɪtɪŋ/adjAble to tell good from bad, and holding high standards.

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