trend/trend/nounThe general direction in which things are changing.
dramatically/drəˈmætɪkli/advIn a way that is sudden and very easy to notice.
escalate/ˈeskəˌleɪt/verbTo pass a problem to a higher level of support.
rocket/ˈrɒkət/nounA long tube-shaped machine that flies up by burning fuel very fast.
steadily/ˈstedəli/advAt a regular, even rate that does not change much.
marginal/ˈmɑːdʒənəl/adjVery small in size or effect; not at all important.
peak/piːk/nounThe highest point or level that something reaches.
growth/ɡrəʊθ/nounThe process of getting bigger or developing.
sharp/ʃɑːp/adjHaving a thin edge or point that cuts easily.
slightly/ˈslaɪtli/advA little, but not very much.
constant/ˈkɒnstənt/adjHappening all the time without stopping.
decline/dɪˈklaɪn/verbTo become smaller, weaker or less in number.
decrease/dɪˈkriːs/verbTo become smaller in size, number or amount.
dramatic/drəˈmætɪk/adjSudden, very great and often surprising.
dip/dɪp/verbTo put something quickly into a liquid and take it out again.
plunge/plʌndʒ/verbTo fall or drop suddenly and very quickly.
soar/sɔː/verbTo rise very quickly to a high level or a great height.
stabilize/ˈsteɪbəˌlaɪz/verbTo stop changing and become steady, or to make something steady.
surge/sɜːdʒ/nounA sudden strong rise, or a quick rush forward.
standard/ˈstændəd/nounThe level of quality that people expect.
benchmark/ˈbentʃˌmɑːk/nounA level or result used as a point for comparing other things.
gradually/ˈɡrædʒuəli/advSlowly, over a long period of time.
recover/rɪˈkʌvə/verbTo become well again after an illness or injury.
recovery/rɪˈkʌvri/nounGetting well again after illness, or getting better after a loss.
slight/slaɪt/adjVery small in degree; hardly noticeable.

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Unit 2 · Comparing & contrasting figures

25 слов

differ/ˈdɪfə/verbTo be unlike something else in some way.
distinguish/dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/verbTo see or show how two things are not the same.
equivalent/ɪˈkwɪvələnt/adjThe same in value, meaning or effect as something else.
exceed/ɪkˈsiːd/verbTo go beyond a limit or an amount that was set.
identical/aɪˈdentɪkəl/adjExactly the same in every detail, with no difference at all.
likewise/ˈlaɪˌkwaɪz/advIn the same way; also used to say the same about yourself.
parallel/ˈpærəlel/adjTwo lines or things that stay the same distance apart all the way.
variation/ˌveəriˈeɪʃən/nounA change in amount or level, or a slightly different form of something.
comparable/ˈkɒmpərəbəl/adjClose enough in size, quality or kind to be judged side by side.
contrary/ˈkɒntrəri/nounThe opposite of what has just been said or expected.
distinction/dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/nounA clear difference between two things that seem alike.
respectively/rɪˈspektɪvli/advIn the same order as the people or things you have just named.
superior/suːˈpɪəriə/adjBetter in quality, rank or skill than someone or something else.
comparison/kəmˈpærɪsən/nounThe act of looking at how two things are alike or different.
contrast/ˈkɒntræst/nounA clear difference between two things you compare.
equal/ˈiːkwəl/adjThe same in size, amount or value.
equally/ˈiːkwəli/advTo the same degree, or in the same way.
similarly/ˈsɪmələli/advIn almost the same way as something else.
unlike/ʌnˈlaɪk/prepDifferent from someone or something else.
alike/əˈlaɪk/adjVery similar to each other, or done in the same way.
resemble/rɪˈzembəl/verbTo look like someone, or to be similar to something.
latest/ˈleɪtəst/adjNewest and most recent.
unfair/ʌnˈfeə/adjNot treating people in an equal or a right way.
ambassador/æmˈbæsədə/nounThe senior official who speaks for their country while living in another one.
lower/ˈləʊə/verbTo move something down to a position further below.

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Unit 3 · Quantities, proportions & degree

25 слов

statistic/stəˈtɪstɪk/nounA piece of information shown as a number.
considerable/kənˈsɪdərəbəl/adjGreat in amount, size or importance.
fraction/ˈfrækʃən/nounA small part of something, or a number such as one half.
proportion/prəˈpɔːʃən/nounA share of a whole, seen next to the total amount.
roughly/ˈrʌfli/advNot exactly; used before a number to show it is only close.
ratio/ˈreɪʃiˌəʊ/nounThe relation in number or size between two groups of things.
approximately/əˈprɒksəmətli/advAbout; close to a number but not exactly it.
percentage/pəˈsentədʒ/nounAn amount shown as a number out of a hundred.
dozen/ˈdʌzən/nounA group of twelve things.
entire/ɪnˈtaɪə/adjWhole, with no part left out.
estimate/ˈestəmət/nounA judgement of a size, an amount or a cost.
majority/məˈdʒɔːrəti/nounThe largest part of a group of people or things.
moderate/ˈmɒdərət/adjNot too much and not too little; staying away from extremes.
substantial/səbˈstænʃəl/adjLarge in amount, size or importance.
element/ˈeləmənt/nounOne necessary part of a whole thing or plan.
expand/ɪkˈspænd/verbTo become larger in size, number or amount.
layer/ˈleɪə/nounAn amount of a substance lying over a surface.
sample/ˈsæmpəl/nounA small amount that shows what the rest is like.
supply/səˈplaɪ/nounAn amount of something that is available to use.
accumulation/əˌkjuːmjəˈleɪʃən/nounA large amount of something that builds up slowly over time.
allocation/ˌæləˈkeɪʃən/nounThe share of money, time or space given to a person or job.
bulk/bʌlk/nounThe largest part of something, or a very big size or amount.
constitute/ˈkɒnstəˌtjuːt/verbTo be the parts that together form a whole thing.
consultation/ˌkɒnsəlˈteɪʃən/nounA meeting where people ask for advice or share their opinions.
maximum/ˈmæksəməm/nounThe greatest amount or level that is possible.

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Unit 4 · Cause & effect

25 слов

consequently/ˈkɒnsəkwəntli/advAs a result of the thing that was just mentioned.
derive/dəˈraɪv/verbTo get something from a particular source or origin.
hence/hens/advFor this reason; because of the fact just mentioned.
implication/ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/nounA likely result of an action, or something suggested without being said…
prompt/prɒmpt/adjDone at once without any delay, or making someone act.
trigger/ˈtrɪɡə/verbTo make something happen suddenly, often something bad.
accordingly/əˈkɔːdɪŋli/advIn a way that fits the situation; for that reason.
attribute/ˈætrəˌbjuːt/nounA good quality or feature that a person or thing has.
correlation/ˌkɔːrəˈleɪʃən/nounA link between two things, where one changes as the other does.
spark/spɑːk/verbTo cause something to start suddenly, often trouble or strong feeling.
stem/stem/nounThe long thin part of a plant that holds up its leaves and flowers.
underlying/ˌʌndəˈlaɪɪŋ/adjHidden below the surface, but forming the real cause of something.
consequence/ˈkɒnsəkwəns/nounA result that follows from an action or a decision.
impact/ˈɪmpækt/nounThe strong effect that one thing has on another.
influence/ˈɪnfluəns/nounThe power to change how someone thinks or acts.
therefore/ˈðeəˌfɔː/advFor that reason; because of what was just said.
arise/əˈraɪz/verbTo happen or to begin to exist.
blame/bleɪm/verbTo say that someone caused something bad.
induce/ɪnˈdjuːs/verbTo make someone do something, or to cause a condition.
provoke/prəˈvəʊk/verbTo make someone angry on purpose, or to cause a strong reaction.
contribute/kənˈtrɪbjuːt/verbTo give money or help towards something.
generate/ˈdʒenəreɪt/verbTo produce energy, or to create something new.
origin/ˈɒrɪdʒɪn/nounThe point or place where something begins.
outcome/ˈaʊtˌkʌm/nounThe result of an action, a meeting or an event.
root/ruːt/nounThe part of a plant that grows under the ground.

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Unit 5 · Stating opinions & arguments

25 слов

assumption/əˈsʌmpʃən/nounSomething you believe is true without having proof.
thesis/ˈθiːsəs/nounA long piece of writing done for a university degree.
viewpoint/ˈvjuːˌpɔɪnt/nounA way of thinking about a subject; somebody's personal opinion.
assert/əˈsɜːt/verbTo say firmly that something is true, or to use your power clearly.
contend/kənˈtend/verbTo say firmly that something is true, even if others disagree.
conviction/kənˈvɪkʃən/nounA formal court decision that a person is guilty of a crime.
deem/diːm/verbTo think of a person or thing in a certain way, in formal use.
claim/kleɪm/verbTo say that something is true without proving it.
examine/ɪɡˈzæmɪn/verbTo look at something carefully in order to learn about it.
highlight/ˈhaɪˌlaɪt/nounThe best or most interesting part of something.
acknowledge/ækˈnɒlɪdʒ/verbTo admit that something is true or real.
assume/əˈsjuːm/verbTo think something is true without having proof.
emphasize/ˈemfəˌsaɪz/verbTo give special importance to something you say.
illustrate/ˈɪləˌstreɪt/verbTo explain something by giving examples or pictures.
imply/ɪmˈplaɪ/verbTo suggest something without saying it directly.
advocate/ˈædvəkeɪt/verbTo publicly support an idea, a plan or a way of doing things.
employment/ɪmˈplɔɪmənt/nounThe state of having paid work.
issue/ˈɪʃuː/nounAn important subject that people discuss or argue about.
living/ˈlɪvɪŋ/nounThe money that you earn to support yourself.
poverty/ˈpɒvəti/nounThe state of being very poor and having little money.
sex/seks/nounThe state of being male or female.
allegedly/əˈledʒədli/advUsed when saying that people claim something is true but it is not proven.
appoint/əˈpɔɪnt/verbChoose someone officially for a job or position.
arbitrary/ˈɑːbɪtrəri/adjChosen without a clear reason or fair rule, often just by personal choice.
insist/ɪnˈsɪst/verbTo say firmly that something must happen.

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Unit 6 · Agreeing & counter-arguing

25 слов

concession/kənˈseʃən/nounSomething you agree to give up so an argument can end.
critique/krəˈtiːk/nounA careful written or spoken report saying what is good and bad.
dispute/dɪˈspjuːt/nounA serious disagreement between people or groups.
exaggerate/ɪɡˈzædʒəˌreɪt/verbMake something sound bigger, better or worse than it really is.
flaw/flɔː/nounA small fault that makes something less than perfect.
nonetheless/ˌnʌnðəˈles/advIn spite of what has just been said; used to add a different point.
objection/əbˈdʒekʃən/nounA reason you give for not agreeing with a plan or idea.
overlook/ˌəʊvəˈlʊk/verbTo fail to notice something, or to have a view down over a place.
admit/ədˈmɪt/verbTo agree that something bad or hard is true.
challenge/ˈtʃæləndʒ/nounA task that is hard and needs a lot of effort.
counter/ˈkaʊntə/nounThe long flat surface where you are served in a shop.
despite/dɪˈspaɪt/prepUsed to say something happens even though there is a problem.
reject/rɪˈdʒekt/verbTo refuse to accept an offer, a plan or a person.
reservation/ˌrezəˈveɪʃən/nounAn arrangement to keep a seat or a room for you.
weakness/ˈwiːknəs/nounA quality that makes someone less good at something.
critic/ˈkrɪtɪk/nounA person who writes opinions about books, films or art.
criticize/ˈkrɪtɪˌsaɪz/verbTo say what is wrong with someone or something.
deny/dɪˈnaɪ/verbTo say that something is not true.
nevertheless/ˌnevəðəˈles/advIn spite of what has just been said.
opponent/əˈpəʊnənt/nounA person who competes against you in a game or election.
oppose/əˈpəʊz/verbTo disagree strongly with a plan and try to stop it.
opposition/ˌɒpəˈzɪʃən/nounStrong disagreement with a plan or an idea.
valid/ˈvælɪd/adjLegally acceptable and still able to be used.
protest/ˈprəʊtest/nounA public meeting where people show they disagree.
undermine/ˌʌndəˈmaɪn/verbTo slowly make something weaker or less certain.

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Unit 7 · Proposing solutions

25 слов

campaign/kæmˈpeɪn/nounA planned set of actions to reach a social or political goal.
policy/ˈpɒləsi/nounA plan of action agreed by a government or company.
promote/prəˈməʊt/verbTo help something grow or become more popular.
eliminate/ɪˈlɪməˌneɪt/verbTo remove something completely so that it is no longer there.
implement/ˈɪmpləmənt/verbTo start using a plan, system or law so that it really works.
incentive/ɪnˈsentɪv/nounSomething that encourages a person to work harder or to do something.
regulate/ˈreɡjəˌleɪt/verbTo control something with rules, or keep it at the right level.
restrict/riˈstrɪkt/verbTo keep something inside set limits so it cannot grow or spread.
tackle/ˈtækəl/verbTo start dealing with a hard problem, or to stop a player.
reform/rəˈfɔːm/nounA change made to improve a system, a law or a group.
advise/ədˈvaɪz/verbTo tell someone what you think they should do.
encourage/ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/verbTo give someone hope or confidence to do something.
invest/ɪnˈvest/verbTo put money into something in order to make more money.
limit/ˈlɪmət/nounThe greatest amount of something that is allowed.
adopt/əˈdɒpt/verbTo start using a method, or to take a child into your family.
approach/əˈprəʊtʃ/nounA way of dealing with a problem or a task.
combat/ˈkɒmbæt/nounFighting between soldiers or armies, especially during a war.
enforce/enˈfɔːs/verbTo make people obey a rule or a law.
intervention/ˌɪntəˈvenʃən/nounWhen someone gets involved in a situation to change what happens.
legislation/ˌledʒəˈsleɪʃən/nounA law, or a set of laws, that a government has made.
remedy/ˈremədi/nounSomething that fixes a problem or makes an illness better.
magnitude/ˈmæɡnəˌtjuːd/nounHow big, strong or important something is when you measure it.
restraint/rɪˈstreɪnt/nounControl over strong feelings, or a limit placed on something.
discourage/dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒ/verbTo make someone less confident about doing something.
ensure/ɪnˈʃʊə/verbTo make certain that something happens.

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Unit 8 · Certainty & hedging

25 слов

inevitable/ɪˈnevətəbəl/adjCertain to happen and impossible to avoid or stop.
potentially/pəˈtenʃəli/advIn a way that could happen or become true at some later point.
probability/ˌprɒbəˈbɪləti/nounHow likely it is that something will really happen.
probable/ˈprɒbəbəl/adjLikely to happen, or likely to turn out true.
tendency/ˈtendənsi/nounA habit of usually behaving one way, or something likely to happen.
arguably/ˈɑːɡjuːəbli/advUsed to say that something can be shown to be true, though others may disagree.
likelihood/ˈlaɪkliˌhʊd/nounThe chance that something will really happen.
presumably/prɪˈzjuːməbli/advUsed to say that something is very likely true, though you are not sure.
seemingly/ˈsiːmɪŋli/advBased on how a thing looks, though it may not be true.
seldom/ˈseldəm/advNot often; only on rare occasions.
supposedly/səˈpəʊzədli/advAccording to what people say, although it may not be true.
undoubtedly/ənˈdaʊtɪdli/advCertainly; in a way that nobody would question.
generally/ˈdʒenərəli/advBy most people, or in most cases.
indicate/ˈɪndɪkeɪt/verbTo show that something is true or that it exists.
necessarily/ˌnesəˈserəli/advIn every case, without exception.
possibly/ˈpɒsəbli/advPerhaps, but not certainly.
rarely/ˈreəli/advNot very often; almost never.
tend/tend/verbTo usually do a particular thing or behave in a way.
typically/ˈtɪpɪkli/advIn the way that is usual for a person or group.
unlikely/ʌnˈlaɪkli/adjNot probable; not expected to happen.
apparent/əˈpærənt/adjEasy to see or to understand; obvious.
apparently/əˈpærəntli/advAccording to what people say, though you are unsure.
largely/ˈlɑːdʒli/advMostly, or to a great extent.
allowance/əˈlaʊəns/nounMoney given regularly to someone for a certain purpose.
appear/əˈpɪə/verbTo start to be seen by people.

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Unit 9 · Linking & transitions

25 слов

moreover/mɔːˈrəʊvə/advUsed to add another fact that supports what was just said.
subsequently/ˈsʌbsəkwəntli/advLater, after the event that has just been mentioned.
namely/ˈneɪmli/advUsed to say exactly who or what you mean.
notably/ˈnəʊtəbli/advIn a way that is easy to see; used to give a clear example.
thereafter/ˌðeərˈɑːftə/advAfter that point in time; from then onwards.
thereby/ˌðeəˈbaɪ/advUsed to say that one action causes the result that follows.
indeed/ɪnˈdiːd/advUsed to add force to a statement you have just made.
meanwhile/ˈmiːnˌwaɪl/advDuring the same period of time as something else.
particularly/pəˈtɪkjələli/advMore than usual, or more than other things.
previously/ˈpriːviəsli/advAt an earlier time; before now.
specifically/spəˈsɪfɪkli/advFor one particular reason or purpose; exactly.
though/ðəʊ/conjUsed to add a fact that makes the other part surprising.
additionally/əˈdɪʃəˌnʌli/advUsed when you want to add another fact to what you said.
afterwards/ˈɑːftəwədz/advAt a later time than the thing just mentioned.
besides/bɪˈsaɪdz/prepIn addition to a person or thing already mentioned.
briefly/ˈbriːfli/advFor a short time, or using only a few words.
furthermore/ˈfɜːðəˌmɔː/advIn addition to what has just been said.
initially/ɪˈnɪʃəli/advAt the beginning; at first.
reportedly/rɪˈpɔːtədli/advAccording to what people say, though it is not confirmed.
instance/ˈɪnstəns/nounA particular example of something happening.
overall/ˌəʊvərˈɔːl/advConsidering everything; in general.
thus/ðʌs/advIn this way, or as a result of what was just said.
ultimately/ˈʌltəmətli/advIn the end, after a long process; finally.
limitation/ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃən/nounSomething that stops a person or a plan from going further.
firstly/ˈfɜːstli/advUsed to introduce the first point in a list of reasons.

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Unit 10 · Introductions & conclusions

25 слов

framework/ˈfreɪmˌwɜːk/nounA set of basic ideas or rules that support a system.
scope/skəʊp/nounThe list of work a project will cover, and what it leaves out.
synthesis/ˈsɪnθəsəs/nounThe mixing of separate ideas or things into one whole.
verdict/ˈvɜːdɪkt/nounThe decision a court reaches about whether someone is guilty.
analyse/ˈænəlaɪz/verbTo study something in detail so that you understand it.
balance/ˈbæləns/nounA steady state in which weight is spread evenly.
conclude/kənˈkluːd/verbTo decide something after thinking about the facts.
conclusion/kənˈkluːʒən/nounThe opinion you reach after thinking about the facts.
define/dɪˈfaɪn/verbTo say exactly what a word or an idea means.
recommendation/ˌrekəmənˈdeɪʃən/nounA suggestion that something or someone is good.
summarize/ˈsʌməraɪz/verbTo give only the main points of something.
summary/ˈsʌməri/nounA short account that gives only the main points.
brief/briːf/adjLasting only a short time.
consideration/kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃən/nounCareful thought about something before a decision.
debate/dəˈbeɪt/nounA formal discussion in which people give opposing views.
opening/ˈəʊpənɪŋ/nounA space or hole that people or things can pass through.
outline/ˈaʊtˌlaɪn/nounA short description that gives only the main facts.
phenomenon/fəˈnɒmɪnən/nounA fact or an event that can be seen to happen.
academy/əˈkædəmi/nounA school that teaches one special subject or skill.
assertion/əˈsɜːʃən/nounA strong statement that something is true, said without giving any proof.
confirmation/ˌkɒnfəˈmeɪʃən/nounProof or a statement showing that something is true or will happen.
decisive/dɪˈsaɪsɪv/adjAble to choose quickly and firmly, or settling a final result.
declaration/ˌdekləˈreɪʃən/nounAn official public statement about something important.
denial/dɪˈnaɪəl/nounA statement that something is not true, or refusing to face it.
sum/sʌm/nounAn amount of money.

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Unit 11 · Academic verbs

25 слов

comprise/kəmˈpraɪz/verbTo be made up of particular parts or members.
exhibit/ɪɡˈzɪbɪt/verbTo show something in public, or to show a feeling clearly.
integrate/ˈɪntəˌɡreɪt/verbTo combine two or more things so that they work well as one.
perceive/pəˈsiːv/verbTo notice something, or to understand it in a certain way.
undertake/ˌʌndəˈteɪk/verbTo agree to do a job or a piece of serious work.
accelerate/əkˈseləreɪt/verbTo go faster, or to make something happen sooner than planned.
accumulate/əˈkjuːmjəˌleɪt/verbTo gather more and more of something slowly over time.
allocate/ˈæləˌkeɪt/verbTo give money, time or space to someone for a set purpose.
attain/əˈteɪn/verbTo succeed in reaching or getting something after work and effort.
diminish/dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/verbTo become smaller, weaker or less important, or to make so.
facilitate/fəˈsɪləˌteɪt/verbTo make a process easier or help it happen more smoothly.
foster/ˈfɒstə/verbTo help a feeling, skill or idea to grow and develop.
sustain/səˈsteɪn/verbTo keep something going at the same level for a long time.
determine/dəˈtɜːmən/verbTo find out the facts about something.
occur/əˈkɜː/verbTo happen, especially without being planned.
acquire/əˈkwaɪə/verbTo get or obtain something, often over time.
adapt/əˈdæpt/verbTo change so as to suit a new situation.
alter/ˈɔːltə/verbTo make something different in some way.
utilize/ˈjuːtəˌlaɪz/verbTo use something in a practical and effective way.
yield/jiːld/verbTo produce or give something, or to stop fighting against pressure.
assess/əˈses/verbTo judge the quality or amount of something.
boost/buːst/verbTo make something increase or become better.
conduct/ˈkɒndʌkt/nounThe way a person behaves, especially in public.
convert/kənˈvɜːt/verbTo change something into a different form or use.
demonstrate/ˈdemənˌstreɪt/verbTo show clearly that something is true or works.

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Unit 12 · Evaluative adjectives

25 слов

adequate/ˈædəkwət/adjEnough in amount, or good enough for a purpose.
beneficial/ˌbenəˈfɪʃəl/adjHaving a good effect on a person or a situation.
comprehensive/ˌkɒmpriˈhensɪv/adjIncluding everything that is needed, leaving nothing out.
controversial/ˌkɒntrəˈvɜːʃəl/adjCausing strong disagreement among many people.
excessive/ɪkˈsesɪv/adjMuch more than is needed or than is reasonable.
extensive/ɪkˈstensɪv/adjCovering a large area, or including a lot of detail.
remarkable/rɪˈmɑːkəbəl/adjSo unusual or impressive that people notice it and talk about it.
sufficient/səˈfɪʃənt/adjEnough for a particular purpose or need.
favourable/ˈfeɪvərəbl/adjShowing that people like something, or likely to help you succeed.
inadequate/ɪˈnædəkwət/adjNot good enough, or not as much as you need.
influential/ˌɪnfluːˈenʃəl/adjHaving a lot of power to change what people think or do.
insufficient/ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃənt/adjNot as much or as many as you need for a purpose.
notable/ˈnəʊtəbəl/adjImportant or unusual enough to be noticed and worth mentioning.
profound/prəʊˈfaʊnd/adjVery great or very deep, and felt very strongly.
prominent/ˈprɒmənənt/adjImportant and well known, or standing out so people notice it.
viable/ˈvaɪəbəl/adjAble to work well and succeed in practice.
effective/ɪˈfektɪv/adjProducing the result that you want.
essential/ɪˈsenʃəl/adjCompletely necessary; you cannot do without it.
practical/ˈpræktəkəl/adjConnected with real situations rather than with ideas.
unnecessary/ʌnˈnesəsəri/adjNot needed, and able to be avoided.
sustainable/səˈsteɪnəbəl/adjAble to continue for a long time without damaging nature or resources.
widespread/ˌwaɪdˈspred/adjExisting over a large area or among many people.
worthwhile/ˌwɜːˈθwaɪl/adjGood enough to be worth the time, money or effort you spend.
crucial/ˈkruːʃəl/adjExtremely important because a result depends on it.
efficient/ɪˈfɪʃənt/adjWorking well without wasting time, money or energy.

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Unit 13 · Abstract academic nouns

25 слов

function/ˈfʌŋkʃən/nounThe special purpose or job that a thing has.
theory/ˈθɪri/nounA set of ideas that tries to explain why something happens.
awareness/əˈweənəs/nounKnowing that something exists or that it matters.
hypothesis/haɪˈpɒθəsəs/nounAn idea you suggest and then test to see whether it is true.
significance/səɡˈnɪfɪkəns/nounThe importance or the deeper meaning that something carries.
capability/ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti/nounThe power or skill that is needed to do a certain thing.
dimension/dɪˈmenʃən/nounOne side or part of a situation, or a measurement such as height.
equality/ɪˈkwɒləti/nounA situation where all people have the same rights and chances.
occurrence/əˈkʌrəns/nounSomething that happens, especially something people notice.
validity/vəˈlɪdəti/nounHow true, sound or legally acceptable something is.
disadvantage/ˌdɪsədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/nounA thing that makes a situation less good than it could be.
importance/ɪmˈpɔːtəns/nounThe quality of mattering a great deal.
aspect/ˈæspekt/nounOne part of a situation or an idea.
circumstance/ˈsɜːkəmstəns/nounA fact or condition connected with an event.
concept/ˈkɒnsept/nounAn idea that explains how something works.
criterion/kraɪˈtɪriən/nounA standard used for judging or deciding something.
emphasis/ˈemfəsəs/nounSpecial importance that is given to something.
incidence/ˈɪnsədəns/nounHow often a disease or a problem happens within a group of people.
inspect/ɪnˈspekt/verbTo look at something closely to check its quality or safety.
characterize/ˈkærəktəraɪz/verbTo be a typical feature of something, or to describe what someone is like.
charm/tʃɑːm/nounA pleasant feature that makes people like a person or place.
opportunity/ˌɒpəˈtjuːnəti/nounA chance to do something that you want to do.
extent/ɪkˈstent/nounHow large or how serious something is.
insight/ˈɪnˌsaɪt/nounA clear, deep understanding of a person or situation.
necessity/nəˈsesəti/nounSomething you must have, or the fact that something must happen.

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Unit 14 · Common essay topics

25 слов

unemployment/ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt/nounThe situation in which many people have no jobs.
democracy/dɪˈmɒkrəsi/nounA system in which people choose their own government.
globalization/ˌɡləʊbəlɪˈzeɪʃən/nounThe way countries around the world become more connected through trade and…
immigration/ˌɪməˈɡreɪʃən/nounThe process of people coming into a country in order to live there.
infrastructure/ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃə/nounThe basic systems a country needs, such as roads, power and water.
innovation/ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/nounA new idea or method that changes the way things are done.
retirement/riˈtaɪəmənt/nounThe part of life after someone leaves work permanently, usually with a pension.
discrimination/dɪˌskrɪməˈneɪʃən/nounTreating some people worse because of race, sex, age or belief.
inequality/ˌɪnɪˈkwɒləti/nounA situation where some people have far more money or power than others.
migration/maɪˈɡreɪʃən/nounThe movement of people or animals from one place to another.
economy/ɪˈkɒnəmi/nounThe system by which a country produces and uses money.
leisure/ˈleʒə/nounTime when you are free to do what you enjoy.
punishment/ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/nounA thing done to someone because they did wrong.
curriculum/kəˈrɪkjələm/nounAll the subjects that are taught in a school or college.
healthcare/ˈhelθˌkeə/nounMedical services that keep people well and treat their illnesses.
literacy/ˈlɪtərəsi/nounThe skill of being able to read and write.
nation/ˈneɪʃən/nounA country with its own government and people.
political/pəˈlɪtəkəl/adjConnected with the government of a country.
profession/prəˈfeʃən/nounA job that needs special training and education.
resume/ˈrezəˌmeɪ/nounA short written record of your education and past jobs.
coup/kuː/nounA sudden, often violent takeover of a country's government.
ideological/ˌaɪdiəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/adjConnected with a set of beliefs about politics or how society should work.
imprison/ɪmˈprɪzən/verbTo lock someone up as a punishment for a crime.
municipal/mjuːˈnɪsəpəl/adjConnected with a town or city and its local government.
government/ˈɡʌvənmənt/nounThe group of people who rule a country.

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