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Approval & praise
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2Disapproval & criticism
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Intensity & excess
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Moderation & understatement
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Argument & persuasion
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Evidence & validity
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Doubt & ambiguity
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Positive character
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Negative character
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Emotion & mood
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Change & transformation
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Stability & persistence
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Scarcity & abundance
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Clarity & obscurity
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Power & submission
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Conflict & reconciliation
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Honesty & deception
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Literary tone
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Abstraction & generality
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Time & sequence
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Все слова (500)
Британская транскрипция IPA и значение каждого слова по разделам.
Unit 1 · Approval & praise
25 слов
- eminent/ˈemənənt/adjFamous and much respected in a particular job or subject.
- prestigious/preˈstɪdʒəs/adjAdmired and respected because it has a very high standing.
- approval/əˈpruːvəl/nounOfficial agreement that something is good or allowed.
- approve/əˈpruːv/verbTo say officially that something is acceptable.
- compliment/ˈkɒmplɪmənt/nounA remark that says something nice about a person.
- honour/ˈɒnə/nounGreat respect that is given to someone.
- advocate/ˈædvəkeɪt/verbTo publicly support an idea, a plan or a way of doing things.
- applaud/əˈplɔːd/verbTo hit your hands together to show that you like something.
- endorse/enˈdɔːs/verbTo say in public that you support a person, a plan or a product.
- renowned/rɪˈnaʊnd/adjFamous and highly respected for a special skill or quality.
- sanction/ˈsæŋkʃən/nounA punishment used against a country that breaks international rules.
- tribute/ˈtrɪbjuːt/nounSomething said or done to show respect for someone.
- uphold/əpˈhəʊld/verbTo support a decision or a rule and keep it in force.
- worthy/ˈwɜːði/adjGood enough to deserve respect, help or serious attention.
- merit/ˈmerɪt/nounA good feature that makes something deserve praise or reward.
- celebrate/ˈseləˌbreɪt/verbTo do something nice because of a special day.
- admire/ədˈmaɪə/verbTo think of someone with respect and liking.
- appreciate/əˈpriːʃieɪt/verbTo be grateful for something that someone has done.
- commend/kəˈmend/verbTo praise someone in public for doing something well.
- esteem/əˈstiːm/nounRespect and a good opinion that people hold about someone.
- laudable/ˈlɔːdəbəl/adjDeserving praise, even when the result is not perfect.
- exemplary/ɪɡˈzempləri/adjSo good that other people should copy it.
- distinguished/dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt/adjVery successful and respected after many years of excellent work.
- acclaim/əˈkleɪm/nounStrong public praise for a book, film, or piece of work.
- affirm/əˈfɜːm/verbTo say clearly and firmly that something is true.
Unit 2 · Disapproval & criticism
25 слов
- accuse/əˈkjuːz/verbTo say that someone has done something wrong.
- blame/bleɪm/verbTo say that someone caused something bad.
- criticism/ˈkrɪtɪˌsɪzəm/nounThe act of saying what is wrong with someone or something.
- criticize/ˈkrɪtɪˌsaɪz/verbTo say what is wrong with someone or something.
- condemn/kənˈdem/verbTo say strongly and publicly that something is very wrong.
- contempt/kənˈtempt/nounA strong feeling that someone or something has no value at all.
- denounce/dɪˈnaʊns/verbSay in public and strongly that someone or something is wrong or bad.
- harsh/hɑːʃ/adjCruel, severe, or unpleasantly rough to hear, see or feel.
- objection/əbˈdʒekʃən/nounA reason you give for not agreeing with a plan or idea.
- undermine/ˌʌndəˈmaɪn/verbTo slowly make something weaker or less certain.
- flaw/flɔː/nounA small fault that makes something less than perfect.
- censure/ˈsenʃə/nounStrong official blame given to someone for bad behaviour.
- rebuke/riˈbjuːk/verbTo speak sharply to someone because they did something wrong.
- reproach/riˈprəʊtʃ/nounBlame shown to someone in a hurt or disappointed way.
- admonish/ədˈmɒnɪʃ/verbTo tell someone firmly that they should not do something.
- disparage/dɪˈspærɪdʒ/verbTo speak about someone or something as if it had little value.
- belittle/bɪˈlɪtəl/verbTo make a person or their work seem small and unimportant.
- deride/dɪˈraɪd/verbTo laugh at a person or plan and treat it as worthless.
- ridicule/ˈrɪdəˌkjuːl/nounUnkind laughter and words aimed at a person to hurt them.
- scorn/skɔːn/nounA strong feeling that a person or idea deserves no respect.
- disdain/dɪsˈdeɪn/nounThe feeling that a person or thing is far below you.
- denigrate/ˈdenəˌɡreɪt/verbTo attack the good name of a person or group unfairly.
- berate/bɪˈreɪt/verbTo shout angry words at someone for a long time.
- decry/dɪˈkraɪ/verbTo say in public and with force that something is wrong.
- scathing/ˈskeɪðɪŋ/adjExtremely harsh and cutting when judging a person or thing.
Unit 3 · Intensity & excess
25 слов
- immense/ɪˈmens/adjExtremely large in size, amount or degree.
- overwhelming/ˌəʊvəˈwelmɪŋ/adjSo strong or so large that it is hard to fight or to handle.
- escalate/ˈeskəˌleɪt/verbTo pass a problem to a higher level of support.
- excessive/ɪkˈsesɪv/adjMuch more than is needed or than is reasonable.
- intense/ɪnˈtens/adjVery great or very strong in degree.
- passionate/ˈpæʃənət/adjHaving very strong feelings about a thing or a person you love.
- acute/əˈkjuːt/adjVery serious or very strong, often in a way that causes worry.
- exaggerate/ɪɡˈzædʒəˌreɪt/verbMake something sound bigger, better or worse than it really is.
- severe/səˈvɪə/adjExtremely bad, serious or unpleasant.
- intensify/ɪnˈtensəˌfaɪ/verbTo become stronger or greater, or to make something stronger.
- radical/ˈrædəkəl/adjVery new and different, or in favour of big political change.
- robust/rəʊˈbʌst/adjStrong and healthy, or not easily broken or damaged.
- surplus/ˈsɜːpləs/nounAn amount left over after all the needs are met.
- abundant/əˈbʌndənt/adjPresent in large amounts, easily more than enough.
- copious/ˈkəʊpiəs/adjProduced or taken in large quantity.
- formidable/ˈfɔːmədəbəl/adjSo strong or difficult that it makes people worried.
- drastic/ˈdrɑːstɪk/adjExtreme and sudden, with a very large effect.
- fervent/ˈfɜːvənt/adjShowing very strong and warm feeling about a belief or wish.
- ardent/ˈɑːdənt/adjFull of eager, burning enthusiasm for a person or cause.
- vehement/ˈviːəmənt/adjExpressing an opinion or feeling with great force and heat.
- prevalent/ˈprevələnt/adjCommon, and found in many places or among many people.
- pervasive/pəˈveɪsɪv/adjSpreading into every part of a place, group or situation.
- amplify/ˈæmpləˌfaɪ/verbTo make a sound, feeling or effect much stronger.
- superfluous/suːˈpɜːfluəs/adjMore than is needed, so it serves no useful purpose.
- extravagant/ekˈstrævəɡənt/adjSpending or costing far more money than is sensible.
Unit 4 · Moderation & understatement
25 слов
- diminish/dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/verbTo become smaller, weaker or less important, or to make so.
- marginal/ˈmɑːdʒənəl/adjVery small in size or effect; not at all important.
- partial/ˈpɑːʃəl/adjNot complete; covering only some of the whole thing.
- subtle/ˈsʌtəl/adjSo small or quiet that it is hard to notice.
- modest/ˈmɒdəst/adjNot large or expensive; or not talking proudly about yourself.
- qualify/ˈkwɒlɪfaɪ/verbTo reach the level or gain the right that something needs.
- slight/slaɪt/adjVery small in degree; hardly noticeable.
- tentative/ˈtentətɪv/adjNot yet certain, and likely to change before it is final.
- cautious/ˈkɔːʃəs/adjCareful, because you want to avoid danger or mistakes.
- concede/kənˈsiːd/verbTo admit that something is true, or to accept that you lost.
- minimal/ˈmɪnəməl/adjAs small in amount or size as something can possibly be.
- mitigate/ˈmɪtəˌɡeɪt/verbTo make something bad less serious or less harmful.
- alleviate/əˈliːviˌeɪt/verbTo make pain or a problem easier to bear.
- curb/kɜːb/verbTo keep something harmful within limits so it cannot grow.
- restrain/riˈstreɪn/verbTo hold a person or feeling back so it does not act.
- negligible/ˈneɡlədʒəbəl/adjSo small that it is not worth thinking about.
- trivial/ˈtrɪviəl/adjSo small or ordinary that it does not really matter.
- understate/ˌʌndəˈsteɪt/verbTo describe something as smaller or less serious than it is.
- abate/əˈbeɪt/verbTo become less strong after a period of great force.
- dwindle/ˈdwɪndəl/verbTo become smaller in number or size, little by little.
- austere/ɔːˈstɪə/adjVery plain, with no comfort, decoration or soft touches.
- frugal/ˈfruːɡəl/adjCareful with money and spending as little as possible.
- sparse/spɑːs/adjSpread thin, with only a small amount in a large space.
- meager/ˈmiːɡə/adjVery small in amount, and clearly not enough.
- appease/əˈpiːz/verbTo calm an angry person by giving them what they want.
Unit 5 · Argument & persuasion
25 слов
- infer/ɪnˈfɜː/verbTo work out a conclusion from clues instead of being told.
- thesis/ˈθiːsəs/nounA long piece of writing done for a university degree.
- articulate/ɑːˈtɪkjəˌleɪt/verbTo put your ideas or feelings into clear words that others understand.
- assert/əˈsɜːt/verbTo say firmly that something is true, or to use your power clearly.
- compelling/kəmˈpelɪŋ/adjSo strong or interesting that people must listen, watch or believe it.
- contend/kənˈtend/verbTo say firmly that something is true, even if others disagree.
- discourse/ˈdɪskɔːs/nounSerious talk or writing about a subject, especially in public.
- premise/ˈpremɪs/nounAn idea that you accept as true and then build on.
- presume/prɪˈzjuːm/verbTo think something is true although you have no clear proof.
- debate/dəˈbeɪt/nounA formal discussion in which people give opposing views.
- deduction/dɪˈdʌkʃən/nounAn amount taken off a total before the rest is paid.
- justify/ˈdʒʌstəˌfaɪ/verbTo give a good reason for something you have done.
- urge/ɜːdʒ/verbTo advise someone strongly to do something.
- compel/kəmˈpel/verbTo force someone to do something they may not want to do.
- concession/kənˈseʃən/nounSomething you agree to give up so an argument can end.
- dispute/dɪˈspjuːt/nounA serious disagreement between people or groups.
- proposition/ˌprɒpəˈzɪʃən/nounAn idea or plan offered to someone so they can think about it.
- rhetoric/ˈretərɪk/nounSpeech that sounds fine but may not be honest or useful.
- argue/ˈɑːɡjuː/verbTo speak angrily with someone because you do not agree.
- convince/kənˈvɪns/verbTo make someone believe that something is true.
- refute/rɪˈfjuːt/verbTo prove with facts that a claim or idea is wrong.
- rebut/rɪˈbʌt/verbTo answer an argument by showing why it fails.
- deduce/dɪˈdjuːs/verbTo reach an answer by thinking carefully about the facts.
- fallacy/ˈfæləsi/nounA false belief that many people accept as true.
- rationale/ˌræʃəˈnɑːl/nounThe set of reasons that explain a decision or plan.
Unit 6 · Evidence & validity
25 слов
- accuracy/ˈækjərəsi/nounHow exactly right something is, with no mistakes.
- precedent/ˈpresɪdənt/nounAn earlier action or decision that people later use as an example.
- appraise/əˈpreɪz/verbTo judge carefully how good, valuable or effective someone or something is.
- criterion/kraɪˈtɪriən/nounA standard used for judging or deciding something.
- objective/əbˈdʒektɪv/nounSomething that you are trying to achieve.
- thorough/ˈθʌrə/adjDone carefully and completely, with no part left out.
- verification/ˌverɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/nounProof or checking that shows something is true, correct or genuine.
- benchmark/ˈbentʃˌmɑːk/nounA level or result used as a point for comparing other things.
- credible/ˈkredəbəl/adjEasy to believe, or good enough to be taken seriously by others.
- documentation/ˌdɒkjəmenˈteɪʃən/nounWritten papers or files that prove or explain something.
- empirical/ˌemˈpɪrɪkəl/adjBased on what people really see and test, not on ideas alone.
- integrity/ɪnˈteɡrəti/nounBeing honest and always doing what you believe is right.
- verify/ˈverəˌfaɪ/verbTo check that something is true or works before you accept it.
- precision/priˈsɪʒən/nounGreat care and exactness, so that nothing is even slightly wrong.
- reliability/riˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/nounHow much you can trust something to work well every time.
- scrutiny/ˈskruːtəni/nounCareful, complete attention paid to something in order to check it.
- testify/ˈtestəˌfaɪ/verbTo give evidence in a court of law.
- testimony/ˈtestɪməni/nounA formal spoken statement that a person gives in a court.
- corroborate/kəˈrɒbəreɪt/verbTo support a statement by giving extra proof for it.
- substantiate/səbˈstænʃieɪt/verbTo show with real proof that a claim is true.
- validate/ˈvælədeɪt/verbTo check and confirm that something is correct or acceptable.
- plausible/ˈplɔːzəbəl/adjReasonable enough that people are likely to believe it.
- conclusive/kənˈkluːsɪv/adjStrong enough to settle a question so no doubt remains.
- irrefutable/ˌɪrəˈfjuːtəbəl/adjSo clear that nobody can prove it wrong.
- scrutinize/ˈskruːtəˌnaɪz/verbTo look at something very closely to find any fault.
Unit 7 · Doubt & ambiguity
25 слов
- arbitrary/ˈɑːbɪtrəri/adjChosen without a clear reason or fair rule, often just by personal choice.
- contradiction/ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkʃən/nounTwo facts or statements that cannot both be true at once.
- vague/veɪɡ/adjNot clear or exact in meaning, shape or detail.
- puzzle/ˈpʌzəl/nounA game or a question that is difficult to work out.
- speculate/ˈspekjəˌleɪt/verbTo guess about something when you do not know the facts.
- speculation/ˌspekjəˈleɪʃən/nounGuessing about something at a moment when nobody knows the facts.
- suspect/səˈspekt/verbTo believe that something is probably true or likely.
- uncertainty/ənˈsɜːtənti/nounA situation where nobody knows what is going to happen.
- dilemma/dɪˈlemə/nounA hard choice between two options that both seem bad.
- suspicion/səˈspɪʃən/nounA feeling that someone has done wrong, without full proof.
- ambiguous/æmˈbɪɡjuəs/adjAble to be understood in more than one way.
- equivocal/ɪˈkwɪvəkəl/adjWorded so that it avoids giving one clear answer.
- obscure/əbˈskjʊə/adjHard to understand, or so little known that few people notice.
- cryptic/ˈkrɪptɪk/adjShort and mysterious, so the meaning is hard to work out.
- enigmatic/ˌenɪɡˈmætɪk/adjMysterious in a way that is hard to explain.
- nebulous/ˈnebjələs/adjNot clear in shape or detail, so it is hard to describe.
- dubious/ˈdjuːbiəs/adjNot sure that something is true, honest or good.
- questionable/ˈkwestʃənəbəl/adjLikely to be wrong, unfair or dishonest.
- conjecture/kənˈdʒektʃə/nounA guess based on feeling rather than on full information.
- hypothetical/ˌhaɪpəˈθetəkəl/adjImagined for discussion, not something that has really happened.
- elusive/ɪˈluːsɪv/adjHard to find, catch or describe in exact words.
- evasive/ɪˈveɪzɪv/adjAvoiding a direct answer on purpose.
- paradox/ˈpærədɒks/nounA true statement that seems to argue against itself.
- baffle/ˈbæfəl/verbTo confuse someone so much that they cannot understand.
- opaque/əʊˈpeɪk/adjImpossible to see through, or too unclear for anyone to understand.
Unit 8 · Positive character
25 слов
- diligent/ˈdɪlɪdʒənt/adjWorking hard and giving steady care to every task.
- conscientious/ˌkɒnʃiˈenʃəs/adjCareful to do every duty properly and never cut corners.
- tenacious/təˈneɪʃəs/adjHolding on hard to something and refusing to give up.
- resilient/rɪˈzɪljənt/adjAble to get back to normal quickly after something hard or bad.
- resolute/ˈrezəˌluːt/adjFirm about a purpose and hard for others to shake.
- steadfast/ˈstedfɑːst/adjFirm about what you believe or do, and never changing it.
- intrepid/ɪnˈtrepəd/adjBrave enough to face danger calmly and keep going.
- audacious/ɔːˈdeɪʃəs/adjBold in a way that surprises or even shocks people.
- magnanimous/mæɡˈnænəməs/adjGenerous and forgiving, even toward a rival who lost.
- benevolent/bəˈnevələnt/adjKind, and wanting to help other people without reward.
- altruistic/ˌɔːltruːˈɪstɪk/adjPutting the good of other people before your own.
- compassionate/kəmˈpæʃənət/adjFeeling and showing real care for people who suffer.
- gracious/ˈɡreɪʃəs/adjPolite and warm to others, even in awkward moments.
- candid/ˈkændɪd/adjSaying what you really think, even when it is awkward.
- earnest/ˈɜːnɪst/adjSerious and sincere, meaning every word that you say.
- amiable/ˈeɪmiəbəl/adjPleasant, friendly and easy to get along with.
- affable/ˈæfəbəl/adjWarm and easy to talk to, even on a first meeting.
- prudent/ˈpruːdənt/adjCareful to think ahead and avoid needless risk.
- judicious/dʒuːˈdɪʃəs/adjShowing good sense in the way a choice is made.
- astute/əˈstjuːt/adjQuick to see what is really going on and act on it.
- shrewd/ʃruːd/adjSharp at judging people and situations to your own gain.
- discerning/dɪˈsɜːnɪŋ/adjAble to tell good quality from poor with a careful eye.
- erudite/ˈerəˌdaɪt/adjHaving deep knowledge gained from many years of study.
- eloquent/ˈeləkwənt/adjSpeaking or writing so well that listeners are moved.
- meticulous/məˈtɪkjələs/adjGiving great care to even the smallest detail.
Unit 9 · Negative character
25 слов
- arrogant/ˈærəɡənt/adjActing as if you are better and wiser than everyone else.
- haughty/ˈhɔːti/adjColdly proud toward people you think are below you.
- pompous/ˈpɒmpəs/adjSpeaking in a grand way to seem more important than you are.
- pretentious/priˈtenʃəs/adjTrying to look richer, deeper or grander than you really are.
- condescending/ˌkɒndɪˈsendɪŋ/adjTreating other people as if they were less clever than you.
- insolent/ˈɪnsələnt/adjOpenly rude to a person you are supposed to respect.
- obstinate/ˈɒbstənət/adjRefusing to change your mind even when clearly wrong.
- stubborn/ˈstʌbən/adjUnwilling to give in or take advice from other people.
- intransigent/ɪnˈtrænsədʒənt/adjRefusing to move at all from a position or demand.
- dogmatic/dɒɡˈmætɪk/adjStating opinions as if they were facts and hearing no other view.
- petulant/ˈpetʃələnt/adjSulky and easily annoyed over small things, like a young child.
- belligerent/bəˈlɪdʒərənt/adjAngry and clearly looking for a fight.
- malicious/məˈlɪʃəs/adjMeant to hurt someone on purpose.
- spiteful/ˈspaɪtfəl/adjWanting to hurt someone because of old anger.
- vindictive/vɪnˈdɪktɪv/adjEager to punish someone for a past wrong.
- callous/ˈkæləs/adjShowing no feeling at all for the pain of others.
- indifferent/ɪnˈdɪfrənt/adjHaving no interest and no strong feeling either way.
- apathetic/ˌæpəˈθetɪk/adjShowing no interest and no wish to take any action.
- complacent/kəmˈpleɪsənt/adjSo pleased with yourself that you stop trying to improve.
- indolent/ˈɪndələnt/adjAvoiding work because you dislike making any effort.
- negligent/ˈneɡlədʒənt/adjFailing to take proper care of a duty, so harm results.
- reckless/ˈrekləs/adjActing without thinking about danger to yourself or others.
- impulsive/ɪmˈpʌlsɪv/adjActing at once on a sudden wish, without thinking first.
- capricious/kəˈprɪʃəs/adjChanging mood or plans suddenly for no clear reason.
- timid/ˈtɪmɪd/adjEasily frightened and short of confidence around others.
Unit 10 · Emotion & mood
25 слов
- anxiety/æŋˈzaɪəti/nounA worried feeling that something bad may happen.
- terror/ˈterə/nounA feeling of very great fear, or violence used to create it.
- compassion/kəmˈpæʃən/nounA strong feeling of pity and a wish to help people who suffer.
- distress/dɪˈstres/nounA feeling of great pain, worry or sadness.
- grief/ɡriːf/nounVery deep sadness, especially after someone you love has died.
- elated/ɪˈleɪtɪd/adjVery happy and full of joy after very good news.
- euphoric/juːˈfɒrɪk/adjFeeling an intense rush of happiness that will not last.
- jubilant/ˈdʒuːbələnt/adjOpenly showing great joy, usually right after a win.
- exuberant/ɪɡˈzuːbərənt/adjFull of lively energy and high spirits that spill over.
- serene/səˈriːn/adjCalm and quiet, with nothing at all to disturb it.
- tranquil/ˈtræŋkwəl/adjPeaceful and free from noise, rush or worry.
- wistful/ˈwɪstfəl/adjGently sad about something you want but cannot have.
- melancholy/ˈmelənˌkɒli/adjQuietly sad for a long time, without one clear reason.
- somber/ˈsɒmbə/adjDark, sad and serious in feeling.
- morose/məˈrəʊs/adjSilently gloomy and unfriendly for a long stretch of time.
- dejected/dɪˈdʒektɪd/adjLow in spirits and showing it after a disappointment.
- despondent/dɪˈspɒndənt/adjWithout any hope that things will get better.
- anguish/ˈæŋɡwɪʃ/nounVery severe pain of the mind, hard to bear.
- remorse/rɪˈmɔːs/nounDeep regret and shame for something bad you did.
- contrite/kənˈtraɪt/adjTruly sorry for a mistake and showing it openly.
- indignant/ɪnˈdɪɡnənt/adjAngry because something seems unfair or wrong.
- resentful/rɪˈzentfəl/adjStill angry about unfair treatment from the past.
- apprehensive/ˌæprɪˈhensɪv/adjWorried that something bad may happen quite soon.
- dread/dred/nounA strong fear about something that is coming.
- nostalgia/nɒˈstældʒə/nounA warm, slightly sad longing for times that have passed.
Unit 11 · Change & transformation
25 слов
- reform/rəˈfɔːm/nounA change made to improve a system, a law or a group.
- transformation/ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃən/nounA complete change in the shape, look or nature of something.
- adapt/əˈdæpt/verbTo change the way you act so a new situation suits you.
- adjust/əˈdʒʌst/verbTo change something slightly so that it works better.
- alter/ˈɔːltə/verbTo make something different in some way.
- convert/kənˈvɜːt/verbTo change something into a different form or use.
- dynamic/daɪˈnæmɪk/adjFull of energy and new ideas, and always changing.
- emerge/ɪˈmɜːdʒ/verbTo come out from a dark or hidden place.
- evolve/ɪˈvɒlv/verbTo change and develop slowly over a long period.
- accelerate/əkˈseləreɪt/verbTo go faster, or to make something happen sooner than planned.
- deteriorate/dɪˈtɪəriəreɪt/verbTo become worse as time passes.
- displace/dɪˈspleɪs/verbTo force people to leave their home, or to take something's place.
- dissolve/dɪˈzɒlv/verbMix into a liquid until it can no longer be seen.
- reverse/rɪˈvɜːs/verbTo change something so that it becomes the opposite of before.
- expand/ɪkˈspænd/verbTo become larger in size, number or amount.
- innovate/ˈɪnəˌveɪt/verbTo create new methods, ideas or products instead of using old ones.
- modify/ˈmɒdəˌfaɪ/verbTo change something slightly in order to improve it.
- renovate/ˈrenəˌveɪt/verbTo repair and improve an old building so it looks new.
- restore/rɪˈstɔː/verbTo bring something back to the good condition it had before.
- transform/trænsˈfɔːm/verbTo change the form or nature of something completely.
- transition/trænˈzɪʃən/nounThe process of changing from one state to another.
- vary/ˈveəri/verbTo be different from each other in size or amount.
- fluctuate/ˈflʌktʃueɪt/verbTo keep going up and down instead of staying at one level.
- erode/ɪˈrəʊd/verbTo wear something away bit by bit, or make it weaker slowly.
- upheaval/əpˈhiːvəl/nounA big sudden change that turns life or work upside down.
Unit 12 · Stability & persistence
25 слов
- resolution/ˌrezəˈluːʃən/nounA firm decision, or a formal choice voted on by a group.
- inherent/ɪnˈhɪrənt/adjBeing a natural part of something and not able to be removed.
- persist/pəˈsɪst/verbTo keep trying, or to continue to exist for a long time.
- consistent/kənˈsɪstənt/adjAlways behaving or happening in the same way.
- constant/ˈkɒnstənt/adjHappening all the time without stopping.
- establish/ɪˈstæblɪʃ/verbTo start a company or organization that will last a long time.
- maintain/meɪnˈteɪn/verbTo keep something in good condition by checking it.
- permanent/ˈpɜːmənənt/adjLasting for a long time or for ever.
- preserve/prəˈzɜːv/verbTo keep something in its original state or in good condition.
- anchor/ˈæŋkə/nounA heavy metal object dropped into water to keep a boat still.
- chronic/ˈkrɒnɪk/adjLasting a long time and hard to cure or stop.
- conserve/kənˈsɜːv/verbKeep something safe from harm, or stop it from being used up.
- consolidate/kənˈsɒlɪˌdeɪt/verbTo join separate things into one stronger whole, or make something firm.
- endure/ɪnˈdjʊə/verbTo bear something painful without giving up, or to last a long time.
- retain/rɪˈteɪn/verbTo keep something rather than lose it or give it away.
- secure/sɪˈkjʊə/adjNot likely to be lost, to change or to fail.
- stable/ˈsteɪbəl/adjFirmly fixed, and not likely to move or change.
- persistent/pəˈsɪstənt/adjGoing on for a long time and hard to get rid of.
- stability/stəˈbɪlɪti/nounA steady condition that does not change or fall apart.
- stabilize/ˈsteɪbəˌlaɪz/verbTo stop changing and become steady, or to make something steady.
- sustain/səˈsteɪn/verbTo keep something going at the same level for a long time.
- entrench/enˈtrentʃ/verbTo fix an idea or habit so firmly that it is hard to change.
- ingrained/ɪnˈɡreɪnd/adjFixed so deeply in someone that it is very hard to remove.
- intrinsic/ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk/adjPart of what something is by nature, not added from outside.
- dormant/ˈdɔːmənt/adjNot active right now, but able to wake up and work later.
Unit 13 · Scarcity & abundance
25 слов
- adequate/ˈædəkwət/adjEnough in amount, or good enough for a purpose.
- excess/ˈekˌses/nounAn amount that is more than what is needed or allowed.
- insufficient/ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃənt/adjNot as much or as many as you need for a purpose.
- capacity/kəˈpæsəti/nounThe amount that something can hold or produce.
- distribute/dɪˈstrɪbjuːt/verbTo give things to a number of different people.
- reserve/rɪˈzɜːv/verbTo arrange for a seat or a room to be kept for you.
- shortage/ˈʃɔːtədʒ/nounA situation in which there is not enough of something people need.
- abundance/əˈbʌndəns/nounA very large amount of something, much more than you need.
- accumulate/əˈkjuːmjəˌleɪt/verbTo gather more and more of something slowly over time.
- allocate/ˈæləˌkeɪt/verbTo give money, time or space to someone for a set purpose.
- bulk/bʌlk/nounThe largest part of something, or a very big size or amount.
- deficiency/dɪˈfɪʃənsi/nounA lack of something that your body or a system really needs.
- wealth/welθ/nounA large amount of money and property that a person owns.
- deficit/ˈdefəsət/nounThe amount by which money spent is more than money received.
- prosperity/prɒˈsperəti/nounSuccess and wealth, when business and daily life go well.
- provision/prəˈvɪʒən/nounSupplying people with something they need, such as food or services.
- replenish/riˈplenɪʃ/verbTo fill something up again after part of it has been used.
- ignorance/ˈɪɡnərəns/nounA lack of knowledge or information about something.
- lack/læk/nounThe state of not having enough of something.
- scarce/skeəs/adjHard to find or get, because there is not enough of it.
- dearth/dɜːθ/nounA lack of something that people need or want.
- ample/ˈæmpəl/adjEnough, and a little more than you actually need.
- deplete/dɪˈpliːt/verbTo use up so much of something that little is left.
- affluent/ˈæfluənt/adjHaving plenty of money and a comfortable life.
- destitute/ˈdestəˌtjuːt/adjSo poor that you have no money, no food and no home.
Unit 14 · Clarity & obscurity
25 слов
- allusion/əˈluːʒən/nounAn indirect mention of something without naming it openly.
- clarify/ˈklærɪfaɪ/verbTo make something easier to understand by explaining it.
- distinct/dɪˈstɪŋkt/adjClearly different from other things, and easy to notice.
- clarity/ˈklærəti/nounHow easy something is to see, hear or understand.
- explicit/ɪkˈsplɪsət/adjSaid clearly and in detail, so nothing is left in doubt.
- manifest/ˈmænəˌfest/verbTo show a feeling, illness or quality clearly through signs or actions.
- evident/ˈevədənt/adjEasy to see or understand, and clear to anyone.
- apparent/əˈpærənt/adjEasy to see or to understand; obvious.
- demonstrate/ˈdemənˌstreɪt/verbTo show clearly that something is true or works.
- precise/prɪˈsaɪs/adjExact and clear, with nothing vague and no small errors.
- lucid/ˈluːsəd/adjClear and easy to follow, with nothing confusing in it.
- coherent/kəʊˈhɪrənt/adjClear, with all the parts fitting together in a sensible way.
- conspicuous/kənˈspɪkjuːəs/adjEasy to see or notice, because it stands out from the rest.
- salient/ˈseɪliənt/adjThe most noticeable and most important part of something.
- concise/kənˈsaɪs/adjShort, using few words but still saying what matters.
- succinct/səkˈsɪŋkt/adjSaid in very few words, with nothing extra added.
- elucidate/ɪˈluːsəˌdeɪt/verbTo make something clear by explaining it carefully.
- delineate/dɪˈlɪniˌeɪt/verbTo describe or mark out something clearly, showing where it ends.
- obfuscate/ˈɒbfəˌskeɪt/verbTo make something confusing on purpose so people cannot see it.
- convoluted/ˈkɒnvəˌluːtɪd/adjSo twisted and full of turns that it is hard to follow.
- intricate/ˈɪntrəkət/adjHaving many small parts or details put together with care.
- esoteric/ˌesəˈterɪk/adjKnown and understood by only a small group of people.
- arcane/ˌɑːˈkeɪn/adjOld, mysterious and known to only a few people.
- implicit/ɪmˈplɪsət/adjSuggested or understood without being said in words.
- tacit/ˈtæsɪt/adjUnderstood and accepted without anyone saying it out loud.
Unit 15 · Power & submission
25 слов
- autonomy/ɔːˈtɒnəmi/nounThe freedom of a group or person to make their own decisions.
- prevail/prɪˈveɪl/verbTo win in the end, or to be common in a place.
- rebel/ˈrebəl/nounA person who fights against a government or refuses to obey rules.
- comply/kəmˈplaɪ/verbTo do what a rule, an order or a law tells you to do.
- dominant/ˈdɒmənənt/adjStronger, more important or easier to notice than the rest.
- dominate/ˈdɒməˌneɪt/verbTo control or have power over someone or something.
- impose/ɪmˈpəʊz/verbTo force a rule, a tax or a punishment on people.
- resist/rɪˈzɪst/verbTo try to stop something from happening to you.
- submit/səbˈmɪt/verbTo give a document or plan to someone in authority.
- compliance/kəmˈplaɪəns/nounDoing what a rule, a law or an order says you must do.
- dictate/dɪkˈteɪt/verbTo say words aloud so that another person can write them.
- empower/ɪmˈpaʊə/verbTo give someone more control over their own life or work.
- subordinate/səˈbɔːdɪnət/nounA worker who is lower in rank and reports to a manager.
- leverage/ˈliːvərɪdʒ/nounUsing borrowed money or influence to get a bigger result.
- mandate/ˈmænˌdeɪt/nounOfficial power that voters give to a government or leader.
- resistance/rɪˈzɪstəns/nounRefusing to accept something, or fighting against a force.
- surrender/səˈrendə/verbTo stop fighting and admit that the other side has won.
- yield/jiːld/verbTo produce or give something, or to stop fighting against pressure.
- affect/əˈfekt/verbTo change or influence someone or something in some way.
- coerce/kəʊˈɜːs/verbTo force someone to do something by using threats or pressure.
- sovereign/ˈsɒvrən/adjHaving full power to rule itself with no outside control.
- hegemony/hiˈdʒeməni/nounControl held by one country or group over all the others.
- autonomous/ɔːˈtɒnəməs/adjAble to act and decide alone, without anyone else in charge.
- wield/wiːld/verbTo hold and use power, or hold a tool ready to work.
- defer/dɪˈfɜː/verbTo put something off until a later time.
Unit 16 · Conflict & reconciliation
25 слов
- coalition/ˌkəʊəˈlɪʃən/nounA group of parties or people who join to act or rule together.
- contention/kənˈtenʃən/nounA strong disagreement between people, or a view someone argues for.
- compromise/ˈkɒmprəˌmaɪz/nounAn agreement where each side gives up part of what it wants.
- conflict/ˈkɒnflɪkt/nounA serious disagreement between people or groups.
- negotiate/nəˈɡəʊʃiˌeɪt/verbTo talk with others in order to reach an agreement.
- resolve/riˈzɒlv/verbTo find a solution to a problem or a disagreement.
- alliance/əˈlaɪəns/nounAn agreement between countries or groups to help each other and work together.
- clash/klæʃ/verbTo fight or argue with someone, or to look wrong when put together.
- confront/kənˈfrʌnt/verbTo face a hard person or problem directly instead of avoiding it.
- confrontation/ˌkɒnfrənˈteɪʃən/nounAn angry meeting or fight between people or groups who disagree.
- harmony/ˈhɑːməni/nounA pleasant fit between people, ideas or musical notes.
- hostile/ˈhɒstaɪl/adjVery unfriendly, and ready to argue with or attack someone.
- hostility/hɒˈstɪləti/nounStrong anger or unfriendly feeling towards a person or an idea.
- mediation/ˌmiːdiˈeɪʃən/nounA process where a neutral outside person helps two sides reach an agreement.
- provoke/prəˈvəʊk/verbTo make someone angry on purpose, or to cause a strong reaction.
- discord/ˈdɪskɔːd/nounStrong disagreement that stops people from getting along.
- strife/straɪf/nounAngry fighting or bitter trouble between people or groups.
- friction/ˈfrɪkʃən/nounBad feeling and small arguments between people who work together.
- adversary/ˈædvəsəri/nounSomeone you fight or compete against.
- feud/fjuːd/nounA long angry quarrel that goes on for many years.
- incite/ɪnˈsaɪt/verbTo stir people up so they do something violent or wrong.
- retaliate/rɪˈtæliˌeɪt/verbTo hit back at someone who has hurt or harmed you.
- reconcile/ˈrekənˌsaɪl/verbTo become friends again after a quarrel, or make two ideas fit.
- mediate/ˈmiːdiˌeɪt/verbTo help two sides talk and reach an agreement.
- amicable/ˈæmɪkəbəl/adjFriendly and polite, with no anger on either side.
Unit 17 · Honesty & deception
25 слов
- fraud/frɔːd/nounThe crime of cheating people in order to get money illegally.
- genuine/ˈdʒenjəwən/adjReal and not fake; also honest and sincere about what you feel.
- honesty/ˈɒnəsti/nounTelling the truth and never cheating or stealing from other people.
- mislead/mɪsˈliːd/verbTo make someone believe something that is not true.
- authentic/əˈθentɪk/adjReal and true, not a copy and not a fake.
- conceal/kənˈsiːl/verbTo hide something so that other people cannot see or find it.
- counterfeit/ˈkaʊntəˌfɪt/adjMade as an illegal copy of money or goods to deceive buyers.
- distort/dɪˈstɔːt/verbTo change the shape or meaning of something so it is no longer true.
- sincere/sɪnˈsɪə/adjSaying what you really feel, and not pretending.
- forge/fɔːdʒ/verbTo build a strong link between people, or to make a fake copy.
- manipulate/məˈnɪpjəˌleɪt/verbTo control a person or thing in a clever and often unfair way.
- misleading/mɪˈsliːdɪŋ/adjGiving a wrong idea, so people believe something untrue.
- candor/ˈkændə/nounSpeaking openly and honestly, even about difficult things.
- frank/fræŋk/adjHonest and direct, even if what you say is unwelcome.
- veracity/vəˈræsɪti/nounHow true a statement is, or how honest a person is.
- deceive/dɪˈsiːv/verbTo make someone believe something that is not true.
- deception/dɪˈsepʃən/nounMaking people believe something false so you can gain from it.
- deceit/dəˈsiːt/nounDishonest behaviour used to trick other people.
- fabricate/ˈfæbrəˌkeɪt/verbTo make up a story or a paper that is not true.
- hoax/həʊks/nounA trick that makes people believe something false.
- sham/ʃæm/nounSomething fake that pretends to be real or honest.
- pretense/priˈtens/nounActing as if something is true when you know it is not.
- feign/feɪn/verbTo pretend to have a feeling or an illness you do not have.
- duplicity/djuːˈplɪsɪti/nounSaying one thing while secretly doing the opposite.
- hypocrisy/hɪˈpɒkrəsi/nounTelling others how to behave while doing the opposite yourself.
Unit 18 · Literary tone
25 слов
- humorous/ˈhjuːmərəs/adjFunny, and making people smile or laugh.
- humour/ˈhjuːmə/nounThe quality of being funny, or the ability to laugh.
- sympathetic/ˌsɪmpəˈθetɪk/adjKind and understanding when somebody has a problem or feels sad.
- cynical/ˈsɪnɪkəl/adjBelieving that people act only for their own gain, never out of kindness.
- grave/ɡreɪv/nounA hole in the ground where a dead body is placed.
- ironic/aɪˈrɒnɪk/adjSaying the opposite of what you mean, often as a joke.
- tone/təʊn/nounThe quality of a sound, especially of a person's voice.
- urgent/ˈɜːdʒənt/adjNeeding attention or action very quickly.
- irony/ˈaɪrəni/nounThe odd, funny gap between what you expect and what happens.
- ambivalent/æmˈbɪvələnt/adjHaving two opposite feelings about the same thing at once.
- skeptical/ˈskeptəkəl/adjSlow to believe what you are told without solid proof.
- satire/ˈsætaɪə/nounWriting that makes fun of people in order to show what is wrong.
- satirical/səˈtɪrəkəl/adjUsing jokes to attack people and show their silly or bad side.
- sarcasm/ˈsɑːˌkæzəm/nounSaying the opposite of what you mean in order to hurt someone.
- witty/ˈwɪti/adjFunny in a clever, quick way with words.
- whimsical/ˈwɪmzɪkəl/adjPlayful and odd in a light, charming way.
- facetious/fəˈsiːʃəs/adjMaking jokes at a moment when you should be serious.
- solemn/ˈsɒləm/adjVery serious and quiet, with no joking at all.
- nostalgic/nɒˈstældʒɪk/adjFeeling a warm sadness about good times in the past.
- poignant/ˈpɔɪnjənt/adjTouching in a way that brings a sharp, sad feeling.
- bleak/bliːk/adjCold and empty, with little hope of anything good.
- ominous/ˈɒmənəs/adjGiving the feeling that something bad is about to happen.
- didactic/daɪˈdæktɪk/adjTrying so hard to teach a lesson that it feels preachy.
- reverent/ˈrevərənt/adjShowing deep respect, often in a quiet and careful way.
- contemplative/kənˈtemplətɪv/adjQuiet and thinking deeply about serious things.
Unit 19 · Abstraction & generality
25 слов
- abstract/ˈæbˌstrækt/adjBased on ideas rather than on things you can touch.
- framework/ˈfreɪmˌwɜːk/nounA set of basic ideas or rules that support a system.
- metaphor/ˈmetəfɔː/nounA way of describing something by calling it something else.
- principle/ˈprɪnsəpəl/nounA basic rule or belief that guides how someone acts.
- specific/spəˈsɪfɪk/adjDetailed and exact, about one thing rather than many.
- universal/ˌjuːnəˈvɜːsəl/adjTrue for everybody, or found everywhere in the world.
- analogy/əˈnælədʒi/nounA comparison between two things that helps explain a hard idea.
- embody/ɪmˈbɒdi/verbTo be a clear example of an idea, a feeling or a quality.
- essence/ˈesəns/nounThe most important part of something, which makes it what it is.
- theoretical/ˌθiːəˈretɪkəl/adjBased on ideas and study rather than on real experience.
- absolute/ˈæbsəˌluːt/adjComplete and total, with nothing missing.
- concept/ˈkɒnsept/nounAn idea that explains how something works.
- doctrine/ˈdɒktrən/nounA set of beliefs held by a church, a party or a country.
- ideology/ˌaɪdiˈɒlədʒi/nounA set of beliefs about how a country or a society should work.
- symbolic/sɪmˈbɒlɪk/adjStanding for an idea or feeling, rather than having a real practical use.
- fundamental/ˌfʌndəˈmentəl/adjForming the base of something; very important.
- instance/ˈɪnstəns/nounA particular example of something happening.
- notion/ˈnəʊʃən/nounAn idea or a belief about something.
- prototype/ˈprəʊtəˌtaɪp/nounAn early rough version of a product made to test an idea.
- bound/baʊnd/adjCertain to happen or certain to do a particular thing.
- broadly/ˈbrɔːdli/advIn a general way, without going into small details.
- comprise/kəmˈpraɪz/verbTo be made up of particular parts or members.
- derive/dəˈraɪv/verbTo get something from a particular source or origin.
- globe/ɡləʊb/nounThe whole world, or a round model of the earth on a stand.
- inhabitant/ɪnˈhæbətənt/nounA person or animal that lives in a particular place.
Unit 20 · Time & sequence
25 слов
- duration/ˌdʊˈreɪʃən/nounThe length of time that something continues.
- interval/ˈɪntəvəl/nounA gap of time between two events, or a short break.
- precede/prɪˈsiːd/verbTo come or happen before something else in time.
- subsequent/ˈsʌbsəkwənt/adjComing after something else in order or later in time.
- consecutive/kənˈsekjətɪv/adjFollowing one after another with no break in between.
- ensue/ɪnˈsjuː/verbTo happen right after something else, as a result of it.
- successive/səkˈsesɪv/adjFollowing one after another without a break in between.
- anticipate/ænˈtɪsəˌpeɪt/verbTo expect that something will happen and get ready.
- contemporary/kənˈtempərəri/adjBelonging to the present time; modern.
- eternal/ɪˈtɜːnəl/adjLasting for ever, with no end at all.
- expedite/ˈekspɪˌdaɪt/verbMake a process happen faster than it normally would.
- forthcoming/ˌfɔːθˈkʌmɪŋ/adjGoing to happen or appear very soon.
- former/ˈfɔːmə/adjThat existed in an earlier time but not now.
- imminent/ˈɪmənənt/adjLikely to happen in a very short time.
- prior/ˈpraɪə/adjHappening or existing before something else does.
- sequence/ˈsiːkwəns/nounA set of events or actions that follow each other in order.
- temporary/ˈtempərəri/adjLasting for only a short time; not permanent.
- interim/ˈɪntərəm/adjUsed or done for a short while until something final arrives.
- obsolete/ˈɒbsəliːt/adjToo old and out of date to be useful any more.
- antecedent/ˌæntɪˈsiːdənt/nounA thing or event that came before and led to another one.
- simultaneous/ˌsaɪməlˈteɪniəs/adjHappening at exactly the same moment as something else.
- ephemeral/ɪˈfemərəl/adjLasting only a very short time before it is gone.
- fleeting/ˈfliːtɪŋ/adjLasting for only a moment and then gone.
- impending/ɪmˈpendɪŋ/adjAbout to happen very soon, and usually not welcome.
- retrospect/ˈretrəˌspekt/nounLooking back at what has already happened.