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Unit 1 · Lectures & academic life

25 слов

abstract/ˈæbˌstrækt/adjBased on ideas rather than on things you can touch.
scholarship/ˈskɒləˌʃɪp/nounMoney given to a student so they can pay for their education.
seminar/ˈseməˌnɑː/nounA short class where a small group talks about one subject together.
thesis/ˈθiːsəs/nounA long piece of writing done for a university degree.
transcript/ˈtrænˌskrɪpt/nounA written copy of speech, or an official school record.
tuition/tjuˈɪʃən/nounTeaching given to one student or a small group, or money paid for classes.
undergraduate/ˌʌndəˈɡrædʒəwət/nounA student at a university who is working towards a first degree.
assignment/əˈsaɪnmənt/nounA piece of work that a teacher or boss gives you.
attendance/əˈtendəns/nounHow many people come to a meeting, a class or an event.
campus/ˈkæmpəs/nounThe land and buildings of a university or college.
deadline/ˈdedˌlaɪn/nounThe latest time by which a task must be finished.
grade/ɡreɪd/nounA mark that shows how good a piece of work is.
graduate/ˈɡrædʒueɪt/verbTo finish your studies at a university and get a degree.
journal/ˈdʒɜːnəl/nounA magazine for people who work in a particular field.
participate/pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt/verbTo take part in an activity with other people.
archive/ˈɑːˌkaɪv/nounA store of old files kept in case someone needs them again later.
cite/saɪt/verbTo mention something as an example or as proof.
curriculum/kəˈrɪkjələm/nounAll the subjects that are taught in a school or college.
outline/ˈaʊtˌlaɪn/nounA short description that gives only the main facts.
faculty/ˈfækəlti/nounA natural power of the mind or body, such as sight or memory.
orientation/ˌɔːrienˈteɪʃən/nounTraining and information that help new people settle into a place.
presentation/ˌprezənˈteɪʃən/nounA talk in which you show information to a group.
register/ˈredʒɪstə/verbTo put a name on an official list.
requirement/rɪˈkwaɪəmənt/nounA thing that you must have or do to reach a standard.
submit/səbˈmɪt/verbTo give a document or plan to someone in authority.

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Unit 2 · Astronomy & space

25 слов

surface/ˈsɜːfəs/nounThe outside or the top layer of something.
radiation/ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃən/nounEnergy sent out by the sun or by nuclear material, often unseen.
cluster/ˈklʌstə/nounA small group of things or people that are close together.
density/ˈdensəti/nounHow much of something there is inside a certain amount of space.
gravity/ˈɡrævəti/nounThe force that pulls everything down towards the earth.
hydrogen/ˈhaɪdrədʒən/nounThe lightest gas; it joins with oxygen to make water.
rotation/rəʊˈteɪʃən/nounTurning around a central point, or taking turns in a fixed order.
spectrum/ˈspektrəm/nounA wide range of related ideas, colours, sounds or opinions.
atmosphere/ˈætməsfɪə/nounThe feeling that a place or a situation gives you.
core/kɔː/nounThe most important or central part of something.
expansion/ɪkˈspænʃən/nounThe process of becoming larger or covering more space.
launch/lɔːntʃ/verbTo start an important activity or sell a new product.
mass/mæs/nounA large amount of a substance with no clear shape.
mission/ˈmɪʃən/nounAn important job that a person or group is given.
satellite/ˈsætəˌlaɪt/nounAn object sent into space to collect or send information.
solar/ˈsəʊlə/adjConnected with the sun or using energy from the sun.
probe/prəʊb/verbTo ask many questions in order to find facts that someone hides.
layer/ˈleɪə/nounAn amount of a substance lying over a surface.
pressure/ˈpreʃə/nounThe force that pushes against a surface.
texture/ˈtekstʃə/nounThe way a surface feels when you touch it.
universe/ˈjuːnəˌvɜːs/nounEverything that exists in space, including all the stars.
alien/ˈeɪliən/nounA creature that comes from another planet, in stories.
warming/ˈwɔːmɪŋ/nounA rise in temperature, especially across the whole planet.
underlying/ˌʌndəˈlaɪɪŋ/adjHidden below the surface, but forming the real cause of something.
moon/muːn/nounThe large round object that shines at night.

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Unit 3 · Geology & earth science

25 слов

fossil/ˈfɒsəl/nounThe hard remains of an animal or plant kept inside rock.
crystal/ˈkrɪstəl/nounA clear hard stone, or a tiny piece of ice with flat sides.
terrain/təˈreɪn/nounA stretch of land, thought about in terms of its natural shape.
earthquake/ˈɜːθˌkweɪk/nounA sudden violent shaking of the ground.
fault/fɔːlt/nounResponsibility for something bad that happened.
deposit/dəˈpɒzɪt/nounMoney paid first as part of a larger sum you owe.
mineral/ˈmɪnərəl/nounA natural substance found in the ground, such as salt.
mining/ˈmaɪnɪŋ/nounThe industry of digging coal, gold or other materials out of the ground.
erupt/ɪˈrʌpt/verbWhen a volcano throws out hot rock, or noise suddenly starts.
flaw/flɔː/nounA small fault that makes something less than perfect.
tsunami/tsuːˈnɑːmi/nounA very large ocean wave caused by an earthquake under water.
flawed/flɔːd/adjHaving a fault or weak part that spoils it.
plate/pleɪt/nounA flat round dish that you eat your food from.
volcano/vɒlˈkeɪnəʊ/nounA mountain with an opening that hot melted rock can burst out of.
volcanic/vɒlˈkænɪk/adjComing from or connected with a mountain that shoots out hot melted rock.
eruption/ɪˈrʌpʃən/nounA sudden burst of hot rock, ash and gas from a mountain.
lava/ˈlɑːvə/nounHot liquid rock that flows out of a mountain and then hardens.
magma/ˈmæɡmə/nounMelted rock deep under the ground, before it reaches the surface.
erosion/ɪˈrəʊʒən/nounThe slow wearing away of soil or rock by water, wind or ice.
glacier/ˈɡleɪʃə/nounA very large mass of ice that moves slowly down a valley.
crust/krʌst/nounThe hard outer layer of the earth, or of a loaf of bread.
canyon/ˈkænjən/nounA deep narrow valley with steep rocky sides, often cut by a river.
altitude/ˈæltəˌtjuːd/nounHow high a place or an aircraft is above sea level.
landslide/ˈlændˌslaɪd/nounA mass of earth and rock that suddenly slips down a steep hill.
geology/dʒiˈɒlədʒi/nounThe study of rocks and of how the earth formed and keeps changing.

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Unit 4 · Atmosphere & climate

25 слов

carbon/ˈkɑːbən/nounA chemical element found in all living things and in coal.
drought/draʊt/nounA long period with little or no rain.
emission/ɪˈmɪʃən/nounGas or heat that goes out into the air from something.
greenhouse/ˈɡriːnˌhaʊs/nounA glass building where plants are kept warm so they grow well.
hail/heɪl/nounSmall balls of ice that fall from clouds like rain.
current/ˈkʌrənt/adjHappening or being used at the present time.
flood/flʌd/nounA large amount of water covering land that is usually dry.
hurricane/ˈhʌrɪkən/nounA violent storm with very strong circling winds.
forecast/ˈfɔːˌkɑːst/nounA statement about what is likely to happen later.
tropical/ˈtrɒpɪkəl/adjFrom or in the hottest parts of the world.
circulation/ˌsɜːkjəˈleɪʃən/nounThe movement of blood around the body, or of news among people.
yield/jiːld/verbTo produce or give something, or to stop fighting against pressure.
cloud/klaʊd/nounA white or grey mass of water drops floating in the sky.
front/frʌnt/nounThe part of something that faces forward.
weather/ˈweðə/nounHow hot, cold, wet or dry the air outside is.
wind/wɪnd/nounAir that moves quickly outside.
climate/ˈklaɪmət/nounThe usual weather that a place has over many years.
humidity/hjuːˈmɪdəti/nounThe amount of water held in the air, which can feel sticky.
lightning/ˈlaɪtnɪŋ/nounThe sudden bright flash in the sky during a storm.
thunder/ˈθʌndə/nounThe loud deep noise that follows a bright flash during a storm.
breeze/briːz/nounA light, pleasant wind.
frost/frɒst/nounA thin white layer of ice that forms on cold surfaces at night.
tornado/tɔːˈneɪˌdəʊ/nounA tall spinning column of wind that destroys things in its path.
moisture/ˈmɔɪstʃə/nounVery small drops of water in the air, on a surface or in soil.
polar/ˈpəʊlə/adjBelonging to the far north or far south of the earth, where it freezes.

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Unit 5 · Biology & cells

25 слов

function/ˈfʌŋkʃən/nounThe special purpose or job that a thing has.
host/həʊst/nounA person who invites guests to their home or event.
sample/ˈsæmpəl/nounA small amount that shows what the rest is like.
absorb/əbˈzɔːb/verbTo take in a liquid, a gas or new information.
biological/ˌbaɪəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/adjConnected with the science of living things.
oxygen/ˈɒksədʒən/nounThe gas in air that people, animals and plants need in order to live.
reproduce/ˌriːprəˈdjuːs/verbTo make a copy of something, or to have young plants or animals.
reproduction/ˌriːprəˈdʌkʃən/nounThe making of young animals or plants; also an exact copy.
specimen/ˈspesəmən/nounA small piece or example taken to be tested or shown.
divide/dɪˈvaɪd/verbTo separate something into smaller parts.
growth/ɡrəʊθ/nounThe process of getting bigger or developing.
bacteria/bækˈtɪriə/nounVery small living things that can cause disease.
cell/sel/nounThe smallest living part of an animal or a plant.
division/dɪˈvɪʒən/nounThe act of separating something into different parts.
immune/ɪˈmjuːn/adjProtected against a disease, or not affected by something unpleasant.
organ/ˈɔːɡən/nounA part of the body that has a special purpose.
protein/ˈprəʊtin/nounA substance in meat, beans and eggs that helps the body grow.
tissue/ˈtɪsˌjuː/nounA soft paper for your nose, or material found inside a body.
ethnic/ˈeθnɪk/adjConnected with a group who share a culture, language or origin.
globalization/ˌɡləʊbəlɪˈzeɪʃən/nounThe way countries around the world become more connected through trade and…
reinforce/ˌriːɪnˈfɔːs/verbTo make an idea, feeling or structure stronger.
culture/ˈkʌltʃə/nounThe way of life, art and beliefs of a group of people.
biology/baɪˈɒlədʒi/nounThe study of living things such as plants and animals.
nutrient/ˈnjuːtriənt/nounA substance in food or soil that living things need to grow.
photosynthesis/ˌfəʊtəʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/nounThe way green plants use sunlight, air and water to make their own food.

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Unit 6 · Evolution & genetics

25 слов

generation/ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃən/nounAll the people who were born at about the same time.
diversity/dɪˈvɜːsɪti/nounMany different types of people or things existing in one group.
evolution/ˌevəˈluːʃən/nounThe slow change of living things or ideas over a long time.
evolve/ɪˈvɒlv/verbTo change and develop slowly over a long period.
extinct/ɪkˈstɪŋkt/adjNo longer alive anywhere, with none of its kind left.
gene/dʒiːn/nounA tiny unit inside cells that passes features from parents to children.
genetic/dʒəˈnetɪk/adjConnected with the tiny units in cells that parents pass to children.
trait/treɪt/nounA particular quality in somebody's character or in a living thing.
variation/ˌveəriˈeɪʃən/nounA change in amount or level, or a slightly different form of something.
adaptation/ˌædəpˈteɪʃən/nounA change that lets something fit a new use, place or need.
breed/briːd/verbTo keep animals or plants so that they produce young ones.
evolutionary/ˌiːvəˈluːʃənəri/adjConnected with the slow way living things change over many years.
fitness/ˈfɪtnəs/nounThe state of being healthy and strong in the body.
survive/səˈvaɪv/verbTo stay alive through a very difficult or dangerous time.
isolation/ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/nounBeing alone, far away from other people or things.
offspring/ˈɒfsprɪŋ/nounThe young of a person or an animal; children.
inherent/ɪnˈhɪrənt/adjBeing a natural part of something and not able to be removed.
population/ˌpɒpjəˈleɪʃən/nounAll the people who live in a city or a country.
adapt/əˈdæpt/verbTo change so as to suit a new situation.
ancestor/ˈænˌsestə/nounA member of your family who lived a long time ago.
dominant/ˈdɒmənənt/adjStronger, more important or easier to notice than the rest.
emerge/ɪˈmɜːdʒ/verbTo come out from a dark or hidden place.
inherit/ɪnˈherət/verbTo receive money or property from somebody who has died.
isolate/ˈaɪsəˌleɪt/verbTo keep a person or thing completely apart from others.
selection/səˈlekʃən/nounA group of things chosen from a larger group.

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Unit 7 · Animals & behaviour

25 слов

aquatic/əˈkwɒtɪk/adjLiving or growing in water.
colony/ˈkɒləni/nounA country or area that another country controls.
territory/ˈterɪˌtɔːri/nounAn area of land that a country, an animal or a group controls.
migration/maɪˈɡreɪʃən/nounThe movement of people or animals from one place to another.
fur/fɜː/nounThe soft thick hair that covers some animals.
hunt/hʌnt/verbTo chase wild animals in order to catch or kill them.
signal/ˈsɪɡnəl/nounA movement or light that tells someone to do something.
wing/wɪŋ/nounThe part of a bird or a plane that is used for flying.
defence/dɪˈfens/nounThe act of protecting someone or something from attack.
domestic/dəˈmestɪk/adjConnected with the home and the family.
mate/meɪt/nounA friend, or the animal that a creature breeds with.
migrate/ˈmaɪˌɡreɪt/verbTo move data, users or a whole system from one place to another.
scale/skeɪl/nounThe size or extent of something, especially when large.
instinct/ˈɪnstɪŋkt/nounA natural feeling that makes you act at once, without thinking first.
nest/nest/nounA home that a bird builds to hold its eggs.
predator/ˈpredətə/nounAn animal that hunts and eats other animals.
prey/preɪ/nounAn animal that is hunted and eaten by another animal.
courtesy/ˈkɜːtəsi/nounPolite behaviour that shows respect for other people.
fibre/ˈfaɪbə/nounA thin thread from a plant or animal, or rough matter in food.
large-scale/ˌlɑːdʒˈskeɪl/adjInvolving a lot of people, money, space or effort.
habitat/ˈhæbəˌtæt/nounThe natural place where an animal or plant normally lives and grows.
inhabitant/ɪnˈhæbətənt/nounA person or animal that lives in a particular place.
rat/ræt/nounA grey or brown animal like a big mouse, with a long thin tail.
transmit/trænzˈmɪt/verbTo send a signal, a disease or information from one place to another.
worm/wɜːm/nounA small thin animal with no legs that lives in soil.

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Unit 8 · Plants & ecology

25 слов

native/ˈneɪtɪv/adjConnected with the place where you were born.
stem/stem/nounThe long thin part of a plant that holds up its leaves and flowers.
seed/siːd/nounThe small hard part of a plant that grows into a new plant.
soil/sɔɪl/nounThe top layer of earth in which plants grow.
conservation/ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃən/nounProtecting nature and wildlife from being harmed.
root/ruːt/nounThe part of a plant that grows under the ground.
species/ˈspiːʃiz/nounA group of animals or plants of the same kind.
wheat/wiːt/nounA grain plant used for making flour and bread.
pollutant/pəˈluːtənt/nounA substance that makes air, water or soil dirty and unsafe.
flower/ˈflaʊə/nounThe coloured part of a plant that smells sweet.
forest/ˈfɔːrəst/nounA large area of land where many trees grow.
fruit/fruːt/nounSweet food that grows on trees and plants.
leaf/liːf/nounA flat green part that grows on a tree or plant.
plant/plɑːnt/nounA living thing that grows in soil and has leaves.
ecosystem/ˈiːkəʊˌsɪstəm/nounAll the living things in one area together with the way they depend on each…
ecology/ɪˈkɒlədʒi/nounThe study of how plants, animals and their surroundings affect one another.
vegetation/ˌvedʒəˈteɪʃən/nounPlants in general, especially all the plants growing in one place.
pollen/ˈpɒlən/nounFine yellow dust made by flowers that helps them make seeds.
canopy/ˈkænəpi/nounThe top layer of leaves and branches spread out over a forest.
rainforest/ˈreɪnˌfɒrɪst/nounA thick tropical wood where heavy showers fall almost every day.
wetland/ˈwetˌlænd/nounAn area of soft ground that holds water for most of the year.
grassland/ˈɡrɑːsˌlænd/nounA wide open area covered mainly with wild low plants, not trees.
nitrogen/ˈnaɪtrədʒən/nounA gas with no colour or smell that makes up most of the air.
deforestation/dɪˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃən/nounThe cutting down of trees across a large area until few are left.
decompose/ˌdiːkəmˈpəʊz/verbTo slowly break down and rot into simpler natural matter.

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Unit 9 · Chemistry & matter

25 слов

chemical/ˈkeməkəl/nounA substance used in or made by the science of chemistry.
element/ˈeləmənt/nounOne necessary part of a whole thing or plan.
laboratory/ləˈbɒrətri/nounA room where scientists do tests and research.
liquid/ˈlɪkwəd/nounA substance that flows, such as water or oil.
solid/ˈsɒləd/adjHard and firm, not a liquid and not a gas.
substance/ˈsʌbstəns/nounA type of material, especially a liquid or a powder.
acid/ˈæsəd/nounA chemical liquid with a sour taste that can burn things.
compound/ˈkɒmpaʊnd/nounA thing made by joining two or more separate parts.
dissolve/dɪˈzɒlv/verbMix into a liquid until it can no longer be seen.
equation/ɪˈkweɪʒən/nounA line of maths showing that two amounts are the same.
formula/ˈfɔːmjələ/nounA group of signs or numbers, or a fixed way of doing something.
synthesis/ˈsɪnθəsəs/nounThe mixing of separate ideas or things into one whole.
base/beɪs/nounThe lowest part of a thing, which it stands on.
mixture/ˈmɪkstʃə/nounA substance made by putting different things together.
bond/bɒnd/nounA close connection between people or groups.
concentration/ˌkɒnsənˈtreɪʃən/nounThe ability to give all your attention to one thing.
reduction/rəˈdʌkʃən/nounThe act of making something smaller in size or amount.
volume/ˈvɒljuːm/nounThe amount of sound that a radio or a person makes.
foundation/faʊnˈdeɪʃən/nounThe solid base that a building or an idea rests on.
organic/ɔːˈɡænɪk/adjGrown without chemical sprays, or coming from living plants and animals.
contaminate/kənˈtæməˌneɪt/verbTo make something dirty or unsafe by adding a harmful substance.
embed/ɪmˈbed/verbFix something firmly inside a solid object or inside a text.
gallon/ˈɡælən/nounA unit for measuring liquid, about four and a half litres.
pump/pʌmp/verbTo push a liquid or air into or out of a place.
reaction/riˈækʃən/nounWhat you feel or do because of something that happened.

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Unit 10 · Physics & energy

25 слов

nuclear/ˈnjuːkliə/adjConnected with the energy inside the centre of atoms.
circuit/ˈsɜːkət/nounA complete path that electricity flows around.
lens/lenz/nounA curved piece of glass in glasses, a camera or the eye.
motion/ˈməʊʃən/nounMovement, or a formal suggestion that people vote on at a meeting.
magnetic/mæɡˈnetɪk/adjAble to pull iron and steel towards it.
momentum/məʊˈmentəm/nounThe force that keeps a moving thing or a plan going forward.
reflection/rɪˈflekʃən/nounAn image seen in a mirror or in water; also, careful thought.
resistance/rɪˈzɪstəns/nounRefusing to accept something, or fighting against a force.
reflect/rɪˈflekt/verbTo show or express something clearly.
frequency/ˈfriːkwənsi/nounThe rate at which something happens over a period.
agriculture/ˈæɡrɪˌkʌltʃə/nounThe work of growing crops and raising animals for food.
consumption/kənˈsʌmpʃən/nounThe amount of fuel, food or energy that is used.
dependent/dɪˈpendənt/adjNeeding someone or something in order to live or work.
infer/ɪnˈfɜː/verbTo work something out from clues rather than being told directly.
aluminium/ˌæljəˈmɪniəm/nounA light silver metal used for cans, planes and kitchen foil.
assert/əˈsɜːt/verbTo say firmly that something is true, or to use your power clearly.
attain/əˈteɪn/verbTo succeed in reaching or getting something after work and effort.
beam/biːm/nounA line of light shining from something, or a long bar holding up a roof.
infrastructure/ˈɪnfrəˌstrʌktʃə/nounThe basic systems a country needs, such as roads, power and water.
integrate/ˈɪntəˌɡreɪt/verbTo combine two or more things so that they work well as one.
interact/ˌɪntəˈrækt/verbTo talk to and work together with other people or things.
invade/ɪnˈveɪd/verbTo enter a country or place by force with an army.
invasion/ɪnˈveɪʒən/nounWhen an army enters another country by force to take control.
motivate/ˈməʊtəˌveɪt/verbTo make someone want to work hard and keep trying.
ton/tʌn/nounA unit of weight equal to about a thousand kilograms.

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Unit 11 · History & civilisations

25 слов

civilization/ˌsɪvəlɪˈzeɪʃən/nounA society with its own way of life, laws and art.
empire/ˈempaɪə/nounA group of countries ruled by one government or one person.
era/ˈɪərə/nounA long period of history that has its own character.
historian/hɪˈstɔːriən/nounA person who studies the past and writes books or articles about it.
independence/ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/nounFreedom from control by another country, person or organization.
settler/ˈsetlə/nounA person who moves to a new region and makes a home there.
colonial/kəˈləʊniəl/adjConnected with a country that is ruled by a stronger foreign power.
conquer/ˈkɒŋkə/verbTo take control of land or people by force, usually in war.
kingdom/ˈkɪŋdəm/nounA country ruled by a royal family, often for many centuries.
legacy/ˈleɡəsi/nounMoney left to you when someone dies, or something handed down from the past.
manuscript/ˈmænjəˌskrɪpt/nounA book or paper written by hand, or sent in before printing.
medieval/mɪˈdiːvəl/adjConnected with the middle years of European history, long before modern times.
rebellion/rɪˈbeljən/nounAn attempt by many people to fight against a government or a leader.
reform/rəˈfɔːm/nounA change made to improve a system, a law or a group.
decade/ˈdekeɪd/nounA period of ten years.
trade/treɪd/nounThe buying and selling of goods, often between countries.
collapse/kəˈlæps/verbTo fall down suddenly, often after losing strength.
decline/dɪˈklaɪn/verbTo become smaller, weaker or less in number.
economic/ˌekəˈnɒmɪk/adjConnected with trade, industry and the money of a country.
historic/hɪˈstɒrɪk/adjImportant in history; likely to be remembered.
ancient/ˈeɪntʃənt/adjBelonging to a time very long ago in history.
industrial/ɪnˈdʌstriəl/adjConnected with factories and the making of goods.
revolution/ˌrevəˈluːʃən/nounA complete change in the way people do or think about things.
alliance/əˈlaɪəns/nounAn agreement between countries or groups to help each other and work together.
settlement/ˈsetəlmənt/nounAn official agreement that ends an argument, or a small village.

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Unit 12 · Archaeology & anthropology

25 слов

preservation/ˌprezəˈveɪʃən/nounKeeping something safe from harm or decay so it stays the same.
remains/rɪˈmeɪnz/nounThe parts of something that are left when the rest has gone.
interpret/ɪnˈtɜːprət/verbTo explain the meaning of words or actions.
myth/mɪθ/nounAn old story about gods and heroes, or a false common belief.
preserve/prəˈzɜːv/verbTo keep something in its original state or in good condition.
ruin/ˈruːən/verbTo damage something so badly that it is no longer any good.
burial/ˈberiəl/nounPutting a dead body into the ground during a ceremony.
ritual/ˈrɪtʃuːəl/nounA set of actions always done the same way, often religious.
tribe/traɪb/nounA group of people with the same language, customs and leader.
tribal/ˈtraɪbəl/adjConnected with a group of people who share a leader and old customs.
blade/bleɪd/nounThe flat, sharp part of a knife or tool that cuts.
evidence/ˈevədəns/nounFacts that show that something is true.
archaeology/ˌɑːkiˈɒlədʒi/nounThe study of the past through objects and buildings left in the ground.
archaeologist/ˌɑːkiˈɒlədʒɪst/nounA person who digs up and studies objects from the distant past.
artifact/ˈɑːtəˌfækt/nounAn object made by people long ago, kept for study or display.
skeleton/ˈskelətən/nounThe full set of bones inside a person or an animal.
tomb/tuːm/nounA stone room or hole in the ground where a dead body rests.
excavate/ˈekskəˌveɪt/verbTo dig carefully into the ground to find things from the past.
excavation/ˌekskəˈveɪʃən/nounCareful digging in the ground to uncover old objects or remains.
prehistoric/ˌpriːhɪˈstɒrɪk/adjFrom the very distant past, before people began writing things down.
relic/ˈrelɪk/nounAn old object that has survived from a much earlier time.
dwelling/ˈdwelɪŋ/nounA house or any other place where people live.
nomad/ˈnəʊˌmæd/nounA person from a group that moves around instead of staying in one place.
anthropology/ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒi/nounThe study of people, their societies and how their ways of life change.
inscription/ɪnˈskrɪpʃən/nounWords cut or carved into stone, metal or a ring.

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Unit 13 · Art & architecture

25 слов

proportion/prəˈpɔːʃən/nounA share of a whole, seen next to the total amount.
carve/kɑːv/verbTo cut wood or stone into a shape, or cut meat into pieces.
composition/ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃən/nounThe different parts that something is made of, or a piece of music.
portrait/ˈpɔːtrət/nounA painting or photograph of a person, often the face.
sculpture/ˈskʌlptʃə/nounA work of art made from stone, wood or metal.
statue/ˈstætʃuː/nounA figure of a person or animal made of stone or metal.
craft/krɑːft/nounAn activity in which you make things skilfully by hand.
exhibit/ɪɡˈzɪbɪt/verbTo show something in public, or to show a feeling clearly.
landscape/ˈlændˌskeɪp/nounEverything you can see when you look across an area of land.
monument/ˈmɒnjuːmənt/nounA statue or building put up to remind people of a person or event.
perspective/pəˈspektɪv/nounA particular way of thinking about something.
restore/rɪˈstɔː/verbTo bring something back to the good condition it had before.
temple/ˈtempəl/nounA building where people pray, especially in Asian or ancient religions.
canvas/ˈkænvəs/nounStrong, rough cloth used for bags, tents and for painting on.
architectural/ˌɑːkəˈtektʃərəl/adjConnected with the design and building of houses, offices and other structures.
rear/rɪə/nounThe back part of a building, a vehicle or a group.
reconstruction/ˌriːkənˈstrʌkʃən/nounThe work of building something again after it was damaged.
structural/ˈstrʌktʃərəl/adjConnected with the way the parts of a building or system are built.
worship/ˈwɜːʃəp/verbShow love and deep respect for a god, often in a religious building.
painting/ˈpeɪntɪŋ/nounA picture that someone has made with a brush and colour.
gallery/ˈɡæləri/nounA room or building where works of art are shown.
literary/ˈlɪtərəri/adjConnected with books and writing that people study as art.
art/ɑːt/nounThe making of pictures, music or other beautiful things.
brush/brʌʃ/verbTo clean or tidy something with a tool full of thin threads.
pottery/ˈpɒtəri/nounPots, bowls and cups shaped from clay and then baked hard.

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Unit 14 · Music & theatre

25 слов

costume/ˈkɒstjuːm/nounA set of clothes worn for a play or a party.
folk/fəʊk/adjTraditional and belonging to the ordinary people of a place.
performance/pəˈfɔːməns/nounThe act of playing music or acting for an audience.
script/skrɪpt/nounThe written text of a play, a film or a talk.
string/strɪŋ/nounA thin cord that you use for tying things together.
choir/ˈkwaɪə/nounA group of people who sing together, often in a church.
compose/kəmˈpəʊz/verbTo write a piece of music.
composer/kəmˈpəʊzə/nounA person who writes music as a job.
genre/ˈʒɒnrə/nounA style of art, music or writing.
opera/ˈɒprə/nounA play where the whole story is sung, with a large group of musicians.
orchestra/ˈɔːkəstrə/nounA large group of musicians who play instruments together, led by a conductor.
pitch/pɪtʃ/nounAn area of ground marked out for playing a sport.
rhythm/ˈrɪðəm/nounA regular repeated pattern of sounds in music or speech.
harmony/ˈhɑːməni/nounA pleasant fit between people, ideas or musical notes.
melody/ˈmelədi/nounThe main tune of a song; a line of notes you sing.
represent/ˌreprɪˈzent/verbTo act or to speak for a person or a group.
coalition/ˌkəʊəˈlɪʃən/nounA group of parties or people who join to act or rule together.
corrupt/kəˈrʌpt/adjWilling to act in a dishonest way in return for money or power.
morality/məˈræləti/nounIdeas about what is right and wrong in the way people act.
sketch/sketʃ/nounA quick simple drawing, or a short funny scene on stage.
tone/təʊn/nounThe quality of a sound, especially of a person's voice.
actor/ˈæktə/nounA person who plays a part in a film or on a stage.
dialogue/ˈdaɪəlɒɡ/nounThe words that people say to each other in a book or film.
music/ˈmjuːzɪk/nounPleasant sounds made by voices or instruments.
note/nəʊt/nounA short piece of writing that helps you remember.

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Unit 15 · Literature & criticism

25 слов

interpretation/ˌɪnˌtɜːprɪˈteɪʃən/nounThe meaning that you give to something after thinking carefully about it.
metaphor/ˈmetəfɔː/nounA way of describing something by calling it something else.
imagery/ˈɪmədʒri/nounPictures in words that a writer uses to help you see things.
chapter/ˈtʃæptə/nounOne of the parts that a book is divided into.
literature/ˈlɪtərətʃə/nounNovels, plays and poems that people value as art.
narrative/ˈnærətɪv/nounA description of events, told in order as a story.
plot/plɒt/nounThe series of events that make up a story.
poem/ˈpəʊəm/nounA piece of writing in short lines, often with rhythm.
poet/ˈpəʊət/nounA person who writes poems.
poetry/ˈpəʊətri/nounPoems taken together as a form of writing.
romantic/rəʊˈmæntɪk/adjConnected with love between two people.
critic/ˈkrɪtɪk/nounA person who writes opinions about books, films or art.
criticism/ˈkrɪtɪˌsɪzəm/nounThe act of saying what is wrong with someone or something.
edition/əˈdɪʃən/nounOne of the forms in which a book or paper is published.
novelist/ˈnɒvələst/nounA person who writes long stories published as books.
passage/ˈpæsədʒ/nounA short part of a book, a speech or a piece of music.
tragedy/ˈtrædʒədi/nounA very sad event, especially one where people die.
irony/ˈaɪrəni/nounThe odd, funny gap between what you expect and what happens.
style/staɪl/nounA particular way of doing, making or wearing something.
author/ˈɔːθə/nounA person who writes a book, a story or an article.
character/ˈkærəktə/nounA person in a book, a play or a film.
comedy/ˈkɒmədi/nounA film, play or show that makes people laugh.
essay/ˈeseɪ/nounA short piece of writing by a student about one subject.
fiction/ˈfɪkʃən/nounStories about people and events that are not real.
novel/ˈnɒvəl/nounA long written story about people who are not real.

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Unit 16 · Economics & commerce

25 слов

economics/ˌekəˈnɒmɪks/nounThe study of how money, goods and services move in society.
consumer/kənˈsjuːmə/nounA person who buys goods or services for their own use.
currency/ˈkʌrənsi/nounThe money that a country uses.
economy/ɪˈkɒnəmi/nounThe system by which a country produces and uses money.
employment/ɪmˈplɔɪmənt/nounThe state of having paid work.
export/ˈekspɔːt/nounGoods that a country sells to another country.
import/ˈɪmpɔːt/nounGoods that are brought in from another country.
invest/ɪnˈvest/verbTo put money into something in order to make more money.
production/prəˈdʌkʃən/nounThe process of making goods in large amounts.
corporation/ˌkɔːpəˈreɪʃən/nounA large company, or a group of companies acting as one.
debt/det/nounMoney that you owe to another person or a bank.
demand/dɪˈmɑːnd/verbTo ask for something very firmly.
depression/dɪˈpreʃən/nounA medical condition in which a person feels very sad.
economist/ɪˈkɒnəmɪst/nounA person who studies money, trade and industry as a job.
entrepreneur/ˌɑːntrəprəˈnɜː/nounSomeone who starts a business and takes the risk of losing money.
inflation/ɪnˈfleɪʃən/nounA general rise in prices, so the same money buys less.
commerce/ˈkɒməs/nounThe buying and selling of goods and services, especially between countries.
merchant/ˈmɜːtʃənt/nounA person who buys and sells goods, often in large amounts.
monopoly/məˈnɒpəli/nounFull control of a market by one company, with no rivals.
productivity/ˌprəʊdəkˈtɪvəti/nounHow much work or how many goods are made in a set time.
surplus/ˈsɜːpləs/nounAn amount left over after all the needs are met.
contempt/kənˈtempt/nounA strong feeling that someone or something has no value at all.
exploitation/ˌekˌsplɔɪˈteɪʃən/nounTreating people unfairly to gain from their work, or using land for profit.
laser/ˈleɪzə/nounA narrow beam of very strong light used in medicine and industry.
profit/ˈprɒfət/nounThe money you gain when you sell something for more.

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Unit 17 · Psychology & cognition

25 слов

development/dɪˈveləpmənt/nounThe process of growing or changing into something better.
awareness/əˈweənəs/nounKnowing that something exists or that it matters.
bias/ˈbaɪəs/nounAn unfair liking for one person or group over another.
hypothesis/haɪˈpɒθəsəs/nounAn idea you suggest and then test to see whether it is true.
illusion/ɪˈluːʒən/nounA false idea, or something that looks real to the eye but is not.
motivation/ˌməʊtəˈveɪʃən/nounThe strong wish to do something and to keep working at it.
perceive/pəˈsiːv/verbTo notice something, or to understand it in a certain way.
perception/pəˈsepʃən/nounThe way you notice and make sense of the world around you.
questionnaire/ˌkwestʃəˈneə/nounA printed list of items that people answer as part of a survey.
cognitive/ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv/adjConnected with thinking, learning and understanding things.
correlation/ˌkɔːrəˈleɪʃən/nounA link between two things, where one changes as the other does.
empirical/ˌemˈpɪrɪkəl/adjBased on what people really see and test, not on ideas alone.
reasoning/ˈriːzənɪŋ/nounThe way of thinking that leads you to a decision or belief.
conditioning/kənˈdɪʃənɪŋ/nounThe system that cools and dries the air inside a room or building.
emotion/ɪˈməʊʃən/nounA strong feeling such as love, fear or anger.
intelligence/ɪnˈtelədʒəns/nounThe ability to learn and to understand things.
mental/ˈmentəl/adjConnected with the mind or happening in the mind.
consciousness/ˈkɒnʃəsnəs/nounBeing awake and able to notice what is around you.
retention/riˈtenʃən/nounKeeping customers or staff with you instead of losing them.
stimulus/ˈstɪmjələs/nounSomething that causes a reaction or makes activity grow faster.
trauma/ˈtrɔːmə/nounA deep shock or wound that stays with a person for years.
issue/ˈɪʃuː/nounAn important subject that people discuss or argue about.
anxiety/æŋˈzaɪəti/nounA worried feeling that something bad may happen.
disorder/dɪˈsɔːdə/nounAn illness that stops part of the body working normally.
observation/ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃən/nounThe act of watching someone or something carefully.

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Unit 18 · Sociology & urban life

25 слов

immigrant/ˈɪməɡrənt/nounA person who comes to live in another country.
poverty/ˈpɒvəti/nounThe state of being very poor and having little money.
trend/trend/nounThe general direction in which things are changing.
gender/ˈdʒendə/nounWhether a person is male or female, and how society treats that.
norm/nɔːm/nounThe usual way most people behave, or the usual level.
inequality/ˌɪnɪˈkwɒləti/nounA situation where some people have far more money or power than others.
integration/ˌɪntəˈɡreɪʃən/nounJoining people or parts together so they work as one.
mobility/məʊˈbɪləti/nounHow easily people can move around or change to a better job.
suburban/səˈbɜːbən/adjConnected with the quiet housing areas outside a city.
custom/ˈkʌstəm/nounA way of behaving that a group has had for a long time.
marriage/ˈmærɪdʒ/nounThe legal relationship between two people who marry.
statistics/stəˈtɪstɪks/nounNumbers collected and counted so people can see what is happening.
household/ˈhaʊsˌhəʊld/nounAll the people who live together in one house.
housing/ˈhaʊzɪŋ/nounPlaces such as flats and homes where people live.
institution/ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃən/nounA large organization such as a bank or a university.
majority/məˈdʒɔːrəti/nounThe largest part of a group of people or things.
minority/maɪˈnɔːrəti/nounThe smaller part of a group of people or things.
rural/ˈrʊərəl/adjConnected with the countryside rather than the town.
campaign/kæmˈpeɪn/nounA planned set of actions to reach a social or political goal.
royal/ˈrɔɪəl/adjConnected with a king or a queen and their family.
adoption/əˈdɒpʃən/nounTaking a child into your family, or starting to use something new.
civic/ˈsɪvɪk/adjConnected with a town or city and the people who live there.
conviction/kənˈvɪkʃən/nounA formal court decision that a person is guilty of a crime.
descent/dɪˈsent/nounA move down to a lower place, or the family someone comes from.
community/kəˈmjuːnəti/nounAll the people who live in one area, seen as a group.

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Unit 19 · Government & law

25 слов

election/ɪˈlekʃən/nounAn occasion when people vote to choose a leader.
policy/ˈpɒləsi/nounA plan of action agreed by a government or company.
democracy/dɪˈmɒkrəsi/nounA system in which people choose their own government.
federal/ˈfedərəl/adjRelating to the central government of a country with states.
precedent/ˈpresɪdənt/nounAn earlier action or decision that people later use as an example.
republic/riˈpʌblək/nounA country led by an elected president instead of a king.
verdict/ˈvɜːdɪkt/nounThe decision a court reaches about whether someone is guilty.
candidate/ˈkændədeɪt/nounA person who is trying to get a job or to be elected.
court/kɔːt/nounThe place where a judge decides legal cases.
judge/dʒʌdʒ/nounThe official who decides cases in a court of law.
appeal/əˈpiːl/nounA formal request for help or for a decision to change.
citizen/ˈsɪtəzən/nounA person who has the legal right to live in a country.
civil/ˈsɪvəl/adjConnected with the ordinary people of a country.
executive/ɪɡˈzekjətɪv/nounA person with an important job in a company.
jury/ˈdʒʊri/nounA group of people in court who decide if someone is guilty.
justice/ˈdʒʌstəs/nounFair treatment of people under the law.
amendment/əˈmendmənt/nounA small change made to a document, a rule or a law.
attorney/əˈtɜːni/nounA lawyer, especially one who speaks for other people in court.
ballot/ˈbælət/nounA piece of paper used to vote in secret, or the whole voting process.
constitution/ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃn/nounThe set of basic rules that says how a country is governed.
constitutional/ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃənl/adjConnected with the set of basic laws that say how a country is run.
nation/ˈneɪʃən/nounA country with its own government and people.
political/pəˈlɪtəkəl/adjConnected with the government of a country.
sex/seks/nounThe state of being male or female.
government/ˈɡʌvənmənt/nounThe group of people who rule a country.

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Unit 20 · Technology & invention

25 слов

innovation/ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/nounA new idea or method that changes the way things are done.
mechanical/məˈkænɪkəl/adjConnected with machines, or done automatically without thinking.
apparatus/ˌæpəˈreɪtəs/nounThe tools or machines needed for a special job or test.
breakthrough/ˈbreɪkˌθruː/nounAn important new discovery that comes after a lot of hard work.
patent/ˈpeɪtnt/nounAn official right that stops other people copying your new invention.
precision/priˈsɪʒən/nounGreat care and exactness, so that nothing is even slightly wrong.
transmission/trænˈsmɪʃən/nounSending out signals, or passing something from one person to another.
application/ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən/nounA formal written request for a job or a place.
assembly/əˈsembli/nounPutting the parts of a product together, or a large meeting of people.
engineering/ˌendʒəˈnɪrɪŋ/nounThe work of designing machines, roads and buildings.
robot/ˈrəʊbɒt/nounA machine that can do work on its own.
software/ˈsɒftweə/nounThe programs that tell a computer what to do.
algorithm/ˈælɡəˌrɪðəm/nounA fixed set of steps a computer follows to solve one problem.
broadcast/ˈbrɔːdˌkɑːst/verbTo send out a programme on radio or television.
efficiency/ɪˈfɪʃənsi/nounDoing a job well without wasting time, money or energy.
manufacture/ˌmænjəˈfæktʃə/verbTo produce goods in large numbers using machines in a factory.
motor/ˈməʊtə/nounA device that uses electricity to make a machine move.
prototype/ˈprəʊtəˌtaɪp/nounAn early rough version of a product made to test an idea.
radar/ˈreɪˌdɑː/nounA system that uses radio waves to find ships and planes.
printing/ˈprɪntɪŋ/nounThe process of making words appear on paper by machine.
grid/ɡrɪd/nounA pattern of straight lines that cross each other, or a power network.
mechanism/ˈmekəˌnɪzəm/nounA set of moving parts inside a machine, or how something works.
programming/ˈprəʊˌɡræmɪŋ/nounWriting the instructions that tell a computer what to do.
rocket/ˈrɒkət/nounA long tube-shaped machine that flies up by burning fuel very fast.
sophisticated/səˈfɪstəˌkeɪtɪd/adjAdvanced and complicated in design, or showing refined taste and knowledge.

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